Способы перевода сослагательного наклонения

Ex.5

Ex.3

Ex 2

Ex.1

Употребление сослагательного наклонения

Сослагательное наклонение употребляется в основном в следующих случаях:

1 В придаточных предложениях после безличных оборотов (типа it is necessary), выражающих вероятность, необходимость или желательность выполнения данного действия.

Полезно запомнить некоторые обороты, являющиеся своеобразными ориентирами, помогающие отличить формы глагола в сослагательном наклонении от совпадающих с ними других форм глагола:

It is necessary that … Необходимо, чтобы…

It is essential that… Важно(существенно), чтобы…

It is desirable that… Желательно, чтобы…

It is important that… Важно, чтобы…

It is improbable that… Маловероятно, чтобы

It is required that … Требуется, чтобы…

1It is essential that he should inform us …	Необходимо, чтобы он информировал нас.
2 It is required that an aircraft engine function properly …	Требуется, чтобы двигатель самолета работал безотказно…
3 It is necessary that the plates of a condenser be well insulated from one another.	Необходимо, чтобы обкладки конденсатора были тщательно изолированы друг от друга.
4 In many operations it is important that the frequency of the oscillator be constant.	Во многих случаях важно, чтобычастота генератора оставалась постоянной.

1 It is necessary that an aircraft engine should combine efficiency and lightness.

2 It is highly desirable that physicists should solve the problem of control of dangerous radiations before we can widely use atomic energy.

3It is essential in the application of the turbojet engine to the propulsion of missiles that the thrust per unit of frontal area be as large as possible.

4 It is important that the propellant remain liquid at the lowest temperature.

5 It is required that all research instruments be light and compact.

6 It is necessary that an aircraft engine function properly ta wide range of speeds, atmospheric conditions and altitudes.

7 It is highly desirable that a person operating an aircraft have a good knowledge of the function of engine controls and instruments.

8 To maintain an aircraft hydraulic system in good order it is essential that a means of operation on the ground be provided.

9 It is not essential that the stages in a step rocket be of increasing size.

10 It is desirable that such power sources should be ideally suited for a number of present-day applications that require power in remote places.

11 It is theoretically possible that a part of the nuclear energy might be liberated by transforming either the lightest or the heaviest of the elements into others of medium weight.

2 В придаточных предложениях, если в главном предложении стоят глаголы

to require, to demand – требовать

to propose, to suggest – предлагать

to desire, to wish – хотеть, желать

или отглагольное существительные requirement, demand - требование, proposal- предложение и т.п.

The main requirement is that both systems, should be assembled in an Earth orbit.

Основное требование состоит в том, чтобыобе системы были собраны на околоземной орбите.

1 The demand is that all measurements should be made very accurately.

2 The scientific objectives may require that a space vehicle should maintain a fixed aspect with respect (положение) to the Earth, the Sun, the fixed stars or even to a particular star.

3 In the early twenties the suggestion that pictures could be transmitted even by wire, would have seemed fantastic to many people.

4 The fundamental principle of generator action requires that lines of force be cut by wires.

5 He suggested that the experiment with liquid fuel rockets should be continued.

6 We wish Tsiolkovsky’s ideas were put into practice.

7 Much of to-day’s scientific research requires the solving of difficult mathematical problems, some of which would require years to solve by the usual methods.

3 В предложениях с союзом if – если, as though и as if -как если бы, как будто, so that -так чтобы и lest - чтобы не, but for - если бы не:

If there were no frictional losses in a machine, a machine would be 100% efficient.

Если бы не было потерь на трение, коэффициент полезного действия машины был бы равен 100 %.

1 If there were no friction we could not even walk.

2 The Earth behaves as if it were a large magnet.

3 Our understanding of the nature of airflow would be much easier if the flow could be seen.

4 If there were no frictional losses in a machine, we could get as much work out of it as we put into it.

5 It would be much easier to compute satellite orbits if the Earth were perfectly spherical and had no atmosphere.

6 In many cases air may be treated as if it were an ideal liquid.

7 If one burnt 1lb of fuel and all the heat produced were used in heating water, it would be possible to increase the temperature of about 81/2 tons of water by 1 Fahrenheit.

8 If the Earth’s axis were perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, all parts of the world would have about 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness every day of the year.

9 If one could gather all the parts of an exploding atom, their total weight would be slightly less than the weight of the original atom.

10 If the bar magnet were broken in two, it would still retain its magnetism.

11 In some calculations the air is treated as if it had no viscocity.

12 We have seen that electrons in crystals have wave properties as if they were in free space.

13 Life could not exist on the Earth but for the heat and light it receives from the Sun.

4 В главном или простом предложении, когда подразумевается, что действие могло бы произойти при определенных условиях. В этом случае обычно используется форма would (реже could и might).

1 An object that weighs 4 lbs at sea level would weigh only ¼ of a pound at 4,000 miles above the sea level.	Тело, весящее 4 фунта на уровне моря, весило бы (будет весить) только ¼ фунта на высоте 4000 миль над уровнем моря.
2 It would be well now to use a method which would show what fraction of energy is reflected and what part transmitted.	Теперь хорошо бы применить такой метод, который показал бы, какая часть этой энергии отражается, а какая передается.

Ex.4

1 Without the force of gravitation there would be no pressure in liquids.

2 The Sun radiates as much energy every second as would be released by the explosion of several billion atomic bombs.

3 A body leaving the Earth in the direction of the Moon would experience the gravitational field of both planets.

4 Uranium is a very rich power producer: the atomic power plant uses 30 grammes of uranium in 24 hours where a thermal power plant of the same capacity of 5.000 kwh would require as much as 100 tons of coal.

5 The transfer of liquid hydrogen from the earth’s surface to orbit would be rather more difficult.

6 Without the Sun there would be no light, no heat, no energy of any kind.

7 Without sunlight there would be no photosynthesis.

5 В оборотах «инфинитив как часть сказуемого» с глаголами типа expect, appear:

Temperature would be expected to play a role in this reaction.

Можно предположить, что температура играет роль в этой реакции (По-видимому, темпратура…)

1 By reduction in jet velocity it would appear to be possible to increase the propulsive efficiency for a given rocket.

2 The problem of maintaining a store of liquid hydrogen in an orbiting satellite would appear to be relatively simple.

Все формы сослагательного наклонения имеют в английском языке в основном одинаковое значение и могут переводиться на русский язык следующими способами:

1 Глагол в сослагательном наклонении, т.е. глаголом в прошедшем времени с частицей «бы».

Ifour Sun were the heat source of an engine, it would deliver 500 x 10^21 horse power.

Если бы наше Солнце использовалось в качестве источника тепловой энергии для двигателя, оно вырабатывало бы энергию, равную 500 x 10^21лошадиных сил.

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