Part Two

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buil ding type — тип здания:

functional requirements — функциональные требования нормы;

land use — землепользование, использование земли;

res idential area — жилой район;

Work opportunities — вакансии, рабочие места:

to fulfill basic needs — удовлетворять основные потребности;

to house people — обеспечивать людей жильём;

Separate dwelling unit — отдельная квартира;

Settlement density — плотность застройки:

to combine functions — сочетать объединять назначение:

to maintain regulations— поддерживать правовое регулирование:

tо meet specific demands — отвечать особым требованиям;

assembly line production — сборочное производство;

civil engineering — гражданское строительство.

Types of Buildings

Part One

Each building type (town hall, school, dwelling, office building, prison, factory, etc.) depends on its social function and has its own functional requirements.

And land use is the activity for which land is used.

So. a residential area is a type of land use where the predominant use is housing. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. [In certain situations residential areas may consist of quite large tracts

of land with no services whatsoever requiring a trip to town in order to fulfill basic needs.]⁰

Building types may range from small wood-framed, masonry, or adobe dwellings to high-rise buildings able to house thousands of people. [Residential buildings are called houses/homes, though build­ings containing large numbers of separate dwelling units are often called apartment buildings/blocks to differentiate them from the more 'individual' house.]⁰ Increasing settlement density in buildings (and closer distances between buildings) is usually a response to high ground prices.

Commonly, two types of residential buildings can be distin­guished:

■ houses (ground-oriented residential buildings): detached, semi-detached, terraced houses, houses built in a row. etc. each dwelling of which has its own entrance directly from the ground surface:

■ other residential buildings: all residential buildings differing from ground-oriented residential buildings as defined above.

A building should be regarded as residential when more than half of the floor area is used for dwelling purposes Other buildings should be regarded as non-residential. (1 400 п.зн.)

A commercial building is a building that is used for commercial purpose. Types can include office buildings, warehouses, or retail (i.e. convenience stores, 'big-box' stores, shopping malls, etc.). In urban locations, a commercial building often combines functions, such as an office with retail on floor l. [Local authorities commonly maintain strict regulations on commercial zoning, and have the authority to designate any zoned area as such.]⁰ A business must be located in an area zoned at least partially for commerce. Besides these, there are other commercial building types that are designed to meet specific

demands, such as the ones of retail and specialty, and can also be used as small office spaces.

Industrial buildings are huge structures and arc spread over sever­al acres of land. [They appear to be large, considerably tall sheds and are mostly used as structures under which large-scale manufacturing and assembly line production is possible.]⁰ They can be further classi­fied as Normal Type and Special Type. While Normal. Type, being simple structures, is used as workshops and warehouses. Special Types are used for handling more complex applications. such as manufacturing heavy machinery and power products.

The field of residential, commercial and industrial construction is ever evolving and this can be clearly seen in some of great marvels of modern civil engineering. such as the Seoul Towers and the Вurge Dubai.

(1 200 п.зн.)

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