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A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi­synthetic organic amorphous solids used in the manufacture of indus­trial products. [The raw materials to make most plastics come from petroleum and natural gas.]° Plastics are typically polymers* of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve per­formance and/or reduce costs. [It refers to their malleability (or plas­ticity) during manufacture that allows plastics to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes.]⁰

There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastics will soften and melt if enough heat is ap­plied. Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have soli­dified, they stay solid.

Plastics are classified by chemical structure, by qualities relevant for manufacturing or product design, by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to chemical effect.

[Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships.]⁰ They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood, stone, horn or bone, leather, paper, metal, glass, and ceramic, in most of their former uses.

[However, plastics are durable and resistant to natural processes of degradation; burning plastic can release toxic fumes or dioxin.]⁰ Al­so, the manufacturing of plastics often creates large quantities of chemical pollutants.

* Polymer is a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entire­ly of a large number of similar units bonded together (e.g. plastics and resins). (1 460 п.зн.)

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ТЕХТ Е

contain, pore, normally, compressive, produce, specialized, synthetic, combination, sandwich, composite, mastic, application, substrate, convert, film, pigment, granular, contribute, texture, classify, ultravio­let, proportion, inert, potential.

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to trap bubbles — удерживать/задерживать пузырьки; to extinguish fire — тушить пожар; cellular material — ячеистый материал; improved insulation — улучшенные изоляционные свойства; composite material— композиционный материал, композит; liquefiable— плавкий, растворимый, разжижаемый; opaque film — непрозрачная плёнка; pigment— пигмент, краситель;

granular solid — зернистое, гранулированное вещество;

filter — наполнитель (минеральный порошок); inert material — инертный (неактивный) материал; binder — связующее вещество;

to impart adhesion — придавать свойство прилипания.

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Foams

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