Brick Part One

TEXT F

1. Переведите интернациональные слова.

ceramic, stick, calcium, silicate, press, mix, consistency, hydraulic, tunnel, organic, start, accurate, method, cable, wall, perforation, quartz, colourant, hydrate, autoclave, uniform, atmosphere, reflect, origin, correct, absorption.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

masonry construction — конструкция из каменной кладки;

shale — глинистый сланец, сланцеватая глина;

soft slate — мягкий сланец;

calcium silicate — силикат кальция;

quarried stone — бутовый/рваный камень;

shrinkage — усадка/усушка, усадочная деформация;

steel mould — мульда, (литейная) форма;

tunnel kiln — туннельная печь для обжига/сушки;

extruded brick — кирпич, изготовленный на ленточном прессе;

wall of wires — резательный аппарат, отрезной станок;

perforation — перфорирование, выдавливание;

crushed flint — дроблённая галька, кремень;

mineral colourant— минеральный краситель;

firing temperature — температура обжига;

surface texture — текстура/фактура поверхности;

thermal and moisture movement — характеристики (кирпича) при

воздействии температур и влаги.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construc- - tion with various kinds of mortar to stick the items together. Brick has been widely used for building purposes throughout human history, and is being largely used nowadays.

[Bricks may be made from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium silicate, concrete, or shaped from quarried stone.]⁰ Clay is the most common material, with modern clay bricks formed in one of three processes — soft mud, dry press, or extruded.

The soft mud method is the most common, as it is the most eco­nomical. [It starts with the raw clay in a mix with 25-30% sand to re­duce shrinkage.]⁰ The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a hydraulic press. The shaped clay is then fired ('burned'') at 900- 1000°C to achieve strength.

In modem brickwork this is usually done in a fired tunnel kiln, in which the bricks move slowly through the kiln on conveyors, rails, or kiln cars. The bricks often are added lime, ash, and organic matter to speed the burning.

The dry press method is similar to mud brick but starts with a much thicker clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in pressing and the longer burn make this method more expensive.

With extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10-15% water (stiff extrusion) or 20-25% water (soft extrusion). [This is forced through a die to create a long cable of material of the proper width and depth.]⁰ The material is then cut into bricks of the desired length by a wall of wires. [Most structural bricks are made by this method, as hard dense bricks result, and holes or other perforations can be produced by the die.]° The introduction of holes reduces the needed volume of clay through the whole process, with the reduction in cost as well. The bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have thermal properties different from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for between 20 and 40 hours at 50-150°C before being fired. (1 700 п.зн.)

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