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flood control— регулирование паводков;

hydroelectric power — гидроэлектроэнергия;

power station — электростанция;

navigation lock — судоходный шлюз;

spillway facility — водосбросное сооружение, водосливная плотина;

auxiliary structure — вспомогательное сооружение;

screen — фильтр, заграждение, решётка;

duct — канал, проток, трубопровод;

powerhouse— генераторная силовая станция, электростанция;

penstock — напорный трубопровод, затвор (гидротехнический);

masonry dam — плотина из каменной кладки;

embankment dam — земляная, каменно-набросная плотина;

gravity dam — гравитационная плотина (с обеспечением устойчи­вости действием собственного веса);

arch-gravity dam — гравитационная арочная плотина;

buttress dam — контрфорсная плотина (с использованием под­пор/быков);

earthfill dam — земляная насыпная плотина;

rock-fill dam — каменно-набросная, каменная плотина.

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Dams: Types and Structure

The most impressive hydraulic engineering achievements are the Aswan High Dam (Egypt), the Daniel-Johnson Dam and the Quebec Dam (Canada), the Glen Canyon Dam and the Hoover Dam (the USA), and the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River (China)
which is more than five times the size of the Hoover Dam. The tallest dam in the world is the 300-meter-high Nurek Dam (Tajikistan).

[A large reservoir formed by the dam is for flood control, industri­al and domestic water supply improvement, water storage, irrigation, navigation, hydroelectric power (generating electricity) and recrea­tional areas.]⁰ Yet, it can link a highway or roadway systems across.

[In order to complete such diverse tasks a hydropower develop­ment on the river is to include a power station, navigation locks, spillway facilities, canals and tunnels to discharge floods, and other auxiliary structures. ] ⁰

Some other openings are necessary if the dam is used for irrigation or generating electricity. For these purposes gates are built to release water through. Gates are equipped with screens not to pass floating objects. The ducts carrying water to turbines in a powerhouse are called penstocks. Some dams have fish ladders allowing fish in the river to travel past the dam to or from their breeding grounds.

The most popular dams are:

• Masonry dam (built of some kind of masonry such as cut stone, concrete, etc).

• Embankment dam (built with a fill of compacted earth, crushed rock, etc).

• Gravity dam (in which water is held back by the weight of the structure).

• Gravity-arch dam (a gravity dam curved in an arch or semicircle).

• Buttress dam (a masonry dam which is strengthened by but­tresses).

• Earthfill dam (an embankment dam in which the principal ma­terial is compacted earth).

• Rock-fill dam (an embankment dam in which the principal ma­terial is crushed rock that has been compacted). (1 630 п.зн.)

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