Переведите интернациональные слова. Расскажите о типах плотин

Расскажите о типах плотин.

Ответьте на вопросы.

ü What is a dam? What is it used for?

ü What is a masonry dam?

ü What is embankment dam built with?

ü What is the difference between a masonry dam and an em­bankment dam?

ü What is a gravity dam?

ü What is a gravity-arch dam?

ü How is a buttress dam strengthened?

ü What is the difference between an earthfill dam and a rock-fill dam?

6. Переведите, обращая внимание на 'to'-формы.

■ То solve different problems a hydropower development may consist of a power station, navigation locks, spillway facilities, canals and tunnels to discharge floods, and other auxiliary structures.

■ Some dams are equipped with fish ladders allowing fish in the river to travel past the dam to or from their breeding grounds.

■ Gates are built to release water through; gates equipped with screens prevent floating objects from passing.

List of Dam Types

i

Masonry dam, embankment dam, gravity dam, gravity-arch dam, buttress dam, bank protection dam, coast protection dam, boulder dam, cantilevered-type steel dam, concrete dam, earthfill dam, rock-fill dam, A-Frame dam, and others.

TEXT С

engineering, geological, stability, peak, reservoir, human, compensa­tion, population, relocation, archeological, cultural, toxic, affect, ecol­ogy, period, stable, contribute, seismic, traditional, tend, transmission, alternative.

2. Запомните слова и словосочетания.

permeability — проницаемость, проходимость;

landslide — обвал, оползень;

slope stability — устойчивость откоса;

water table — уровень грунтовых вод;

peak flood flow — пик объёма стока паводка;

reservoir silting — заиление, заращивание водохранилища;

suspended sediments — взвешенные наносы;

to scour (out) — промывать, вымывать;

riverbed — речное русло;

riverbank — речной берег;

fossil fuel — ископаемое топливо;

vulnerable — уязвимый, восприимчивый;

glacial melting — таяние ледников.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.

Hydraulic Engineering Objects: the Pros and Cons

There are some very serious engineering and geological considera- tions about dams' construction:

• permeability of the surrounding rock or soil;

• earthquake faults;

• landslides and slope stability;

• water table;

• peak flood flows;

• reservoir silting;

• environmental impacts on river fisheries, forests and wildlife;

• impacts on human habitations;

• compensation for land being flooded as well as population re- location;

• loss of archeological or cultural matters underwater;

• removal of toxic materials and buildings from the proposed re- servoir area.

[Reservoirs affect river ecology, whilst rivers below dams expe-

rience long periods of very stable flow conditions. Water containing suspended sediments scours out riverbeds and riverbanks. Large servoirs contribute to seismic activity of the region because of changes in water load and the height of the water table.]⁰

The impact on human society is also significant. Approximately 40-80 million people worldwide are known to have been displaced from their homes in the result of dam construction.

Hydroelectric plants are large-scale projects compared to tradition- al ones based on fossil fuels. New sites tend to be far from population centers and necessitate extensive power transmission lines. [Hydroe-

lectric generation is vulnerable due to seasonality, glacial melting ground and surface water levels. Additional expenses are possible dur­ing low water periods.]⁰

However, hydroelectric power is comparatively cheap and reliable, consuming no fuel and being ecological. As an alternative energy source it is cheaper than both nuclear and wind power.

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4. Письменно переведите фрагменты текста[…]⁰

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