Methods of establishing your products in a foreign market

- working with local experts (sole agents эксклюзивный дилер or multi-distributors многопрофильная оптовая фирма), who have a specialist knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company

- this leads to opening a local branch местный филиал

- selling, or giving permission to use, patents and licences for products

- start by manufacturing in the export market (set up local subsidiary дочернее предприятие or joint venture совместное предприятие with local partner)

Measures of trade regulation

The Protectionist measures raise the price of impoгted goods so that domestically produced goods will gаin а price advantage, so they protect domestically produced goods) – this is done by the government to protect infant industries.

Protectionist measures control international trade. The most common of them are tarrifs and quotas. Tariff (duties) – tax on imported goods.

Quota –is the maximum quantity of а product that mау bе admitted to а country during а certain period of time.

8.Европейское Сообщество – цели и задачи. Основные этапы развития

EU – unique political and economic community with supranational and intergovernmental dimensions.

27 member states.

1957 – the Treaty of Rome: European Economic Community (EEC) formed by 6 European countries.

1993 – the Maastricht Treaty: base of the current legal framework.

Single market:

- freedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital

- common policies: trade, agricultural, fisheries, regional development

- 1999 common currency introduced (adopted by 13 member states)

Schengen Agreement:

- passport control and customs checks between many member states abolished.

Population: over 492 million

Nominal GDP: €11.6 ($15.7) trillion (2007)

Institutions:

- the European Commission

- the European Parliament

- the Council of the European Union

- the European Council

- the European Court of Justice

- the European Central Bank

Citizens elect the Parliament every 5 years.

EU represents its members in WTO and observes the G8 summits.

Europe’s mission in the 21st century is to:

o peace, prosperity and stability for its peoples

o overcome the divisions on the continent

o ensure safety for its people

o balanced economic and social development

o meet challenges of globalisation and preserve diversity of peoples of Europe

o uphold the values (sustainable development, sound environment, respect for human rights, social market economy)

Milestones:

1957 – European Economic Community founded (BeNeLux, Fr, It, FRG)

1973 – Denmark, Ireland and the UK joined

1981 – Greece

1986 – Portugal and Spain

1987 – The Single European Act: single economic area from 1993, called the European Community

1991 – The Maastricht Treaty signed, reinforcing economic and monetary union

1993 – In November 1^st the organisation became the EU

1995 – Increased to 15 countries: Austria, Finland, Sweden

1999 – The single European currency the EURO was launched

2004, May – 10 countries joined the EU

2007 – Bulgaria, Romania

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