Endeavour спроба, намагання 2 страница

To help solve the problem of Internet clogs, Internet providers are trying new ways of pricing for customers. So, in business time any connection to Net cost more than your connection in the night.

In conclusion, I should add that if we want to keep the Internet usable and fairly fast, we must not only improve the telephone lines and means of access, but also be reasonable in usage.

Vocabulary Notes

1. captivating привабливий

2. to log on входити, підключатись

3. superhighway супершосе

4. to refer to посилатися на …

5. expressway автомагістраль

6. rush hour година пік

7. Internet call інтернет-підключення

8. regular звичайний

9. overload перевантаження

10. in turn в свою чергу

11. to be designed for бути призначеним для

12. to hang up вішати слухавку

13. to provide challenges створювати труднощі

14. breakthrough велике досягнення

15. demanded means затребувальний засіб

16. video conferencing відео-конференц- звязок

17. Web TV веб-телебачення

18. to browse the Web користуватися інтернетом

19. cellular phone стільниковий телефон

20. answering machine автовідповідач

21. to handle мати справу з …

22. to upgrade модернізувати

23. to come up виникати

24. fiber optic cable оптиковолокнистий кабель

25. opposed (тут) замість

26. amount of bandwidth пропускна здатність

27. to access мати доступ

28. coaxial calls коаксіальний кабель

29. to increase 1, 000 fold збільшувати в 1, 000 разів

30. one way односторонній

31. stuff (тут) що-небудь

32. satellite dish супутникова тарілка

33. cable connection кабельне підключення

34. clog засмічення

35. pricing таксація

36. usable придатний для користування

37. reasonable розумний

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

to televise – television – televisional; correct – correctly; current – currently; load – overload; to occupy – occupation; annual – annually; to differ – different; to communicate – communication; electron – electronic; credible – incredible – incredibly; to satisfy – satisfaction; to inform – information; to connect – connection; to conclude – conclusion; use – usable; fair – fairly; reason – reasonable

II. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

fast, every year, challenge, breakthrough, however, to have, to handle, regular, to browse the Web, enormous, to upgrade, use, to deal with, to modernize, annually, notwithstanding, ordinary, problem, quick, great achievement, great, usage, to use the Web, to own

b) opposite meaning:

fast, more, beginning, different, early, to increase, correctly, regular, short, often, many, the first, another, to attract, usable, to improve, reasonable, the last, late, less, the same, unreasonable, erroneously, slow, end, to decrease, seldom, to repulse, to worsen, irregular, similar, long, unusable, few

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

по всій земній кулі, велике число користувачів, інформаційне супершосе, перевантажена автомагістраль, свіжі дані статистики, середня тривалість з’єднання, звичайний телефонний дзвінок, вивести телефонну мережу з ладу, займати лінію, створювати нові труднощі, велике досягнення, збереження та транспортування інформації, голосові повідомлення, спілкуватися по інтернету, доступ до інтернету, користуватися інтернетом, модернізація телефонних ліній, передача телефонних сигналів, двійковий код, імпульс світла, пропускна здатність лініїґ, швидкі модеми, одностороння передача інформації, супутникова антена, вирішити проблему, засмічення інтернета, придатний для використання, покращувати телефонні лінії

II. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to effectively and inexpensively communicate with each another. 2. In the future, the Internet may have a dramatic impact on higher education and business as more universities offer courses and more companies offer goods and services online. 3. Internet is used to provide access to complex databases. 4. Businesses and institutions can use the Internet for voice and video conferencing and other forms of communication that allow people to telecommute (здійснювати дистанційний доступ), or work from a distance. 5. Internets are formed by connecting networks through computers known as gateways (машина-шлюз) via telephone lines, optical fibers, and radio links.

III. Translate the following sentences, mind the verbs:

1. Each molecule has a microscopic impact force. 2. It has been mentioned that hydrogen is prepared in large quantities because of its many industrial uses. 3. The ability of water to dissolve a wide variety of substances has to be noted. 4. He has been studying this subject for many years. The results of his investigation have to be very interesting. 5. In addition to his experimental work he had to work at the plant. 6. This gas has to be passed through a glass tube at a low temperature. 7. Have you got new devices in your laboratory?

IV. Define the functions of “one” and translate into Ukrainian.

1. When one talk over a telephone, it is not the sound of the voice that travels over the wire, it is an electric current. 2. One watt is the power due to a current of one ampere under the pressure of one volt, therefore watts equal volts times amperes. 3. From this experiment it is clear that these devices are low-powered ones. 4. One of the most important things for the pilot to know is how high he is flying. 5. One should know that geometry treats of the properties, construction, and measurements of lines, surfaces, and solids.

V. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the meaning of the word “time”.

1. The world exists in space and time. 2. Six o’clock is a point of time; six hours is a period of time. 3. The conductivity of this alloy is about 10 times that of iron. 4. Four times five is (are) twenty. 5. Iron was first used in prehistoric times. 6. For the first time a scientific study of the atmosphere of Venus was done practically simultaneously in two parts of the planet. 7. The pulses of radar are timed in such a way that the same aerial can be used for reception as well as for transmission.

VI. Translate the following sentences. Mind the meaning of the words in bold type:

Note: use v – використовувати, вживати, застосовувати

use n. – використання, користь, застосування

used to – мати звичку робити що-небудь

make use of – використовувати,вживати, застосовувати

1. The analytical balances are used for accurate weighing of samples. 2. It was known long ago that oil could be used as a raw material. 3. The combination of atoms and the arrangement of atoms in a molecule used to be regarded as the special field of the chemist. 4. One of the most important uses of electricity is the production of heat. 5. The electric lamp widely used for the generation of light depends on the heating property of electricity. 6. Commercial and home refrigerators make use of Joule-Thopmson effect.

VII. Translate the following words paying attention to the meaning of prefixes “over-”, “inter-”, “under-“.

over – to overestimate to overcharge to overvalue to overheat to overcool to overload to overpay

inter – to interchange to interact to intermix international interstellar interconnection interplanetary

under – to underestimate to undercharge to undervalue to undergo underground underwater undersoil

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Text B. Storage methods

You lose any program and data stored in RAM when you turn off the computer. The only way to save a program and data is to store them externally – that is, outside the computer. Once you’ve stored data externally you can load it back into RAM. In this way the storage medium is also a form of input.

Programs and data are stored on disks or flash-memory in the form of magnetic impulses. When you load a program or data into the computer, these impulses are “read” and the data are sent into RAM. The procedure is somewhat like playing a record. When you put a record on your turntable (опорний диск елекропрогравача) the grooves are “read” by the stylus (відтворювальна голка) and the impulses are sent to the system’s amplifier and speakers (гучномовець). The grooves containing the music remain on the record; they do not have to be recaptured and stored again.

Cartridge

A cartridge is a small plastic box that contains a permanent program, somewhat like ROM. The box, about the size of a pocket calculator, plugs into a slot in a microcomputer. Cartridges are often called ROM cartridges because they have read-only memory. As a user, you cannot store anything new on a cartridge. You can only use what is put there by the manufacturer.

Cartridges are fully enclosed (у закритому виконанні) and sturdy (міцний).

Cassette

A cassette is a small reel of magnetic tape in a plastic case – exactly like a music cassette but containing a computer program instead of music. By attaching a simple, fairly inexpensive cassette recorder to some microcomputers, cassette tapes can be used to store programs and data.

Since information must be stored in sequence on the tape, the material stored at the end of the tape can be reached only by running through the whole tape up to that point.

The main advantage of a cassette over other kinds of storage is its comparatively low cost. The main disadvantage is that there is slower access to data with a cassette than with some other storage devices.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. How many users are currently in the Internet?

2. How long does an average Internet call last?

3. What can cause the overload of the telephone system?

4. What was the main purpose of the Internet up to the 90s?

5. Do we need to have a computer to get access to the Internet today?

6. Who was the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic cables?

7. What is the alternative way to get access to the Internet today?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON SEVEN

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

input, output, ancient, Europe, Asia, visual, sequence, hierarchy, meaningful

b) stress the second syllable:

processing, unorganized, to record, to convert, to accomplish, facility, equipment, to predict, mechanical, controlling, available, initial, arithmetic, successively

c) stress the third syllable

definition, computation, electronics, comprehensive

II. Practice connected reading:

the definition of data processing, a collection of facts, a series of actions, to convert data into useful information, data processing system, to accomplish the processing of data, a phenomenon of modern life, throughout history, the ancient Egyptians, the ebb and flow of the Nile River, mechanical aids to computations, available for initial or for additional processing, a printed report or visual display, in successively more comprehensive groupings, meaningful collections of related characters

Text A. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact, this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts – unorganized but able to be organized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that convert data into useful information.

We use the term “data processing system” to include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output.

The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computations were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components.

Five basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. They are defined as follows.

Inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data processing system. Storing is saving data or information so that they are available for initial or for additional processing. Processing represents performing arithmetic or logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful information, such as a printed report or visual display.

Controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.

It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called data storage hierarchy. The general groupings of any data storage hierarchy are as follows.

1. Characters, which are all written language symbols: letters, numbers, and special symbols.

2. Data elements, which are meaningful collections of related characters. Data elements are also called data items or fields.

Vocabulary Notes

1. to process data обробляти дані

2. definition визначення

3. collection of facts сукупність даних

4. series of actions послідовність дій

5. to convert перетворювати

6. input вхідні дані

7. output вихідні дані

8. to accomplish виконувати

9. facilities засоби, пристрої

10. to consume споживати

11. to house помістити, розмістити

12. to record реєструвати, записувати

13. ebb and flow відплив і приплив

14. to convert перетворювати

15. mechanical aids механічні допоміжні засоби

16. storing збереження

17. character знак, символ

18. data item елемент даних

19. field група розрядів

20. data base (data bank) база (банк) даних

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

fact, operation, system, material, printer, special, phenomenon, recommendation, technology, component, arithmetic, symbol, element, collection, bank

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

use – useful – useless, to define – definition, to collect – collection, organized – unorganized, act – action, to operate – operation, to equip – equipment, to print – printer, history – prehistory, year – yearly, to recommend – recommendation, farm – farmer, mechanics – mechanical, character – characteristic, to add – additional, logic – logical, succession – successive – successively, to comprehend – comprehensive, to store – storage, meaning – meaningful

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

series, to transform, to define, data, to include, type, to provide, to require, to house, modern, throughout, to understand, computation, to continue, basic, to save, to direct, to perform, character, data base, a number, to embrace, to comprehend, to convert, to go on, to demand, to determine, to give, to store, to contain, up-to-date, calculation, data bank, to control, symbol, to carry out

b) opposite meaning:

necessary, useful, organized, modern, easier, ebb, to improve, to continue, powerful, initial, above, meaningful, ancient, powerless, useless, final, unnecessary, harder, to stop, meaningless, flow, unorganized, to worsen, below

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

data are processed, to become useful information, the definition of data processing, a series of actions or operations, to convert inputs, to sort data into forms, to accomplish the processing of data, the need for converting facts, throughout history, to record the ebb and flow of the Nile River, to predict yearly crop yields, mechanical aids to computations, marvels of an electronics technology, the process of entering data, performing arithmetic or logical operations on data, a printed report or visual display, data storage hierarchy, written language symbols,

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

визначення (терміну) обробки даних, сукупність фактів, послідовність дій, перетворення вхідних даних в користну інформацію, система обробки даних, споживати у великій кількості, перетворення фактів в корисну інформацію, протягом доісторичного періоду, реєструвати відпливи та припливи, механічні засоби, введення даних, початкова обробка даних, надруковане повідомлення, візуальне відображення, ієрархія запам’ятовування, набір взаємопов’язаних файлів

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. A computer receives, stores, compares, changes and manipulates data. 2. There are three basic steps in handling data: input – entering data and instructions that enable the computer to do a specific job; processing – sorting data and doing calculations; and output – sending the results of processing to a display device. 3. A computer receives your input through the keyboard, disk drive, and other parts that you use to give it data or instructions. 4. The information that results from the processing is called output. 5. A computer’s ROM is not affected when you turn off the computer.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the conjunction “ The …. the + adjective”

1. The stronger the acid, the greater is the tendency to lose protons. 2. The stronger the magnification, the greater is the possibility to detect whether the body is homogeneous. 3. The faster an object moves, the greater is the air resistance. 4. The lower the atomic weight or atomic number of the inert gas, the lower are its boiling and melting points. 5. The larger the diameter, the smaller the resistance is and hence, the more current will flow through it. 6. The greater the difference in temperature between two points, the more heat will flow per second. 7. The greater the number of free electrons in a substance, the better that substance is a conductor of electricity.

V. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of the Participle II.

1. The operation of the receiving station influenced by a number of factors was discussed by engineers. 2. Molecules of even a good insulator acted upon by electric field produce a motion of electrons due to the field. 3. Some drawbacks of the reactor referred to in this article will be eliminated.

4. The oscillations produced in the antenna are weak. 5. The anti-electron, called positron, was discovered in 1932. 6. At a press conference cosmonauts were asked whether they carried out everything programmed by scientists. 7.Engineers found that the application of synthetic materials had greatly im-proved the quality of the product made. 8. The heat generated by the friction of the match on the box agitated the molecules in the tip of the match. 9. The temperature used depended upon the substances entering the reaction. 10. The molecules of a substance affected by a catalyst are changed more easily.

VI. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list.

a) solution, solve, solvable, solver

1. It may take a lot of time to find a … to a complex problem in programming. 2. A computer can … a problem faster than any human being. 3. A computer has often been referred to as a problem ….

b) remark, remarkable, remarkably

1. Today’s computers are … faster than their predecessors. 2. Systems analysts will often make … about existing programs so as to help make the operations more efficient. 3. There have been … developments in the field of computer science in the last decade.

c) communication, communicate, communicable, communicative, communicably

1. A computer must be able to … with the user. 2. Fibre optics is a new development in the field of …. 3. Some people working in computer installations aren’t very … because they are shy.

VII. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian taking into account different meanings of the word “all”:

Note: all a – весь, вся, все

above all – головним чином

after all – в кінці кінців

at all – зовсім, взагалі

first of all – передусім

all the same – проте, однак

1. All in the earth and in the atmosphere is made up of atoms and molecules. 2. In this article, above all an account of modern practice in infra-red technique is presented. 3. Alpha-rays have positive charges, beta-rays are negatively charged while gamma-rays have no charge at all. 4. All the same, the first atomic energy stations were to be built well away from the thickly-populated areas. 5. After all, the rays of the sun as a source of power can be put to work without much costly machinery. 6. First of all you have to know the most important chemical laws underlying these natural phenomina.

VIII. Translate the following words with prefixes “dis”-, “in-“, “im-“, “il-“, “un-“.

continuous to charge to close to connect advantage regular complete

discontinuous to discharge to disclose to disconnect disadvantage irregular incomplete

correct divisible accurate movable logical important practical

incorrect indivisible inaccurate immovable illogical unimportant impractical

XI. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Operating systems

An operating system provides the basic instructions that tell the computer how to handle certain tasks necessary for it to work. The operating system of a large computer can be very complicated, because it has to control so many functions. A microcomputer’s operating system is simple by comparison.

Suppose you had a computer with no operating system. (Yes, there are such machines.) You would have to write a program – a very complex program – in order to get the computer to do anything. Among other things, you would have to explain in your program how the computer should interpret the pressing of each key. Such a computer provides good training for a computer scientist, but it is of little value to most ordinary users.

An operating system gets you over that hurdle (перешкода). It consists of a set of prewritten instructions. The operating system is the program that makes it possible for you to run all other programs that are available or can be written for your computer. The operating-system program may exist just in ROM. Or it may exist partly in ROM and partly on a disk or tape.

Disk operating systems

A disk operating system (дискова операційна система), or DOS is a program that controls the storage of information on disks. DOS also makes it possible for the computer to use various programs that are already stored on disks. Most packaged programs for computers are available on disks, and the DOS is what gets these programs started. Obviously, the system requires a disk drive (дисковод).

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1. What is data processing?

2. What is the difference between the input and the output?

3. What basic operations does a data processing system include?

4. What is inputting/ storing/ outputting information?

5. What groupings are called a data storage hierarchy?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON EIGHT

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

oriented, imitate, accuracy, error, vulnerable, challenge

b) stress the second syllable:

advantage, correctly, eliminate, reduce, invalid, capacity, retrieve, respond, objective, routine, effectively

c) stress the third syllable:

capability, possibility, computational, reservation, opportunity

d) stress the fourth syllable:

manipulation, communication,

II. Practice connected reading:

computer-oriented data processing system, to imitate manual systems, to combine the capabilities, to take advantage of four capabilities, the need for further manipulation, to make computational errors, to remain vulnerable, wherever needed by communications networks, a travel reservation system, far beyond the capabilities of humans, the cost per character, a fraction of a second, error-prone tasks, the most cost-effective computer data processing system, to respond to the challenges and opportunities

Text A. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER DATA PROCESSING

Computer-oriented data processing system or just computer data processing systems are not designed to imitate manual systems. They should combine the capabilities of both humans and computers. Computer data processing systems can be designed to take advantage of four capabilities of computers.

1) Accuracy. Once data have been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulation by humans is eliminated, and the possibility of error is reduced. Computers, when properly programmed, are also unlikely to make computational errors. Of course, computer systems remain vulnerable to the entry by humans of invalid data.

2) Ease of communications. Data, once entered, can be transmitted wherever needed by communications networks. These may be either earth or satellite-based systems. A travel reservation system is an example of a data communication network.

3) Capacity of storage. Computers are able to store vast amounts of information, to organize it, and to retrieve it in ways that are far beyond the capabilities of humans. The amount of data that can be stored on devices such as magnetic discs is constantly increasing. All the while, the cost per character of data stored is decreasing.

4) Speed. The speed, at which computer data processing systems can respond, adds to their value. For example, the travel reservations system mentioned above would not be useful if clients had to wait more than a few seconds for a response. The response required might be a fraction of a second.

Thus, an important objective in the design of computer data processing systems is to allow computers to do what they do best and to free humans from routine, error-prone tasks. The most cost-effective computer data processing system is the one that does the job effectively and at the least cost. By using computers in a cost-effective manner, we will be better able to respond to the challenges and opportunities of our post-industrial, information-dependent society.

Vocabulary Notes

1. computer-oriented машино-орієнтований

2. manual неавтоматизований

3. to be designed бути призначеним

4. to take advantage скористатись (з чогось)

5. accuracy точність, правильність

6. once як тільки

7. component блок

8. manipulation опрацювання,маніпулювання

9. vulnerable уразливий

10. invalid помилковий

11. wherever де б не, куди б не

12. earth or satellite-based systems системи наземного чи

супутникового базування

13. travel reservation system система переміщення даних

14. data communication network мережа зв’язку даних

15. capacity здатність

16. to retrieve здійснювати пошук

17. all the while весь час

18. character цифра, буква

19. to respond відповідати, реагувати

20. error-prone схильний до помилки

21. cost-effective рентабельний

22. to respond to the challenge відповісти на виклик

WORD-STUDY

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