Vocabulary notes 2 страница

25. joystick джойсик, координатна ручка

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

information, scanner, text, indicator, design, graphics, display, interface, cursor, orientation, program, vertical, horizontal, manuscript, slide, photograph, format, port, joystick

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

Person – personal, capable – capability, different – differently, to move – movement, pressed – depressed, horizon – horizontal, to respond – response – responsible – responsibility – irresponsibility, possible – possibility, to convert – conversion, to accomplish – accomplishment, digit – digital – digitizer, to scan – scanner, to transform – transformer - transformation

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

several, information, to transfer, to enable, numerical, key, advanced, each, movement, to help, to select, to require, to erase, to track, keyboard, to transform, application, to respond, recently, to delete, to carry, motion, lately, pad, to choose, every, some, to give the possibility, to watch, to convert, to demand, data, digital, to assist, usage, progressive, button, to react

b) opposite meaning:

input, popular, common, upper, to simplify, differently, easily, recently, possibility, hard, unpopular, to complicate, uncommon, for a long time, output, low, in the same way, impossibility

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

input devices, mouse, track ball, keyboard, several devices, inputting information, graphical plotting tables, digital cameras, to transfer information, light indicators, more advanced graphics, design capabilities of graphics, graphical interface, to use buttons differently, the optic-mechanical input device, to control the cursor movement, to simplify user’s orientation on the display, to issue changes in commands, tracking horizontal movement, graphical plotting tables, digital videocameras, to get high quality photos, sound conversion from analog to digital form, special game-ports and joystics

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

введення інформації в компю’тер, клавіатура, кульовий маніпуляторний вказівник, мишка (маніпулятора), сканер, передавати інформацію, повідомляти про робочий режим, текстове зображення, світловий індикатор, сенсорна панель, програмне забезпечення, селектор телевізійних каналів, контролювати рух курсора, вертикальний рух, сенсорна клавіатура, замість маніпуляторів, планшетний графобудівельник, цифрова відеокамера, звукова плата

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text:

1. An input device allows a user to enter data and commands into the memory of a computer. 2. Four commonly used input devices are the keyboard, the mouse, a microphone, and a PC camera. 3. A computer keyboard contains keys that allow you to type letters of the alphabet, numbers, spaces, punctuation marks, and other symbols. 4. A computer keyboard contains special keys that allow you to perform specific functions on the computer. 5. A mouse is a small handheld device that contains at least one button. 6. A mouse controls the movement of a symbol on the screen called a pointer. 7. A microphone allows you to speak to the computer in order to enter data and control the actions of the computer. 8. A PC camera allows others to see you while communicating with you, edit videos, create a movie, and take digital photographs.

IV. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Complex Object.

1. The students watched the operator control the functioning of the equipment. 2. He considers this device to be made on semiconductors. 3. The engineers wanted this phenomenon to be investigated in their laboratory. 4. M. Curie found the atomic weight of radium to be 226. 5. We consider nuclear energy to be the prime source of heat energy. 6. Any student must know a voltmeter to be used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a circuit. 7. We saw the dimension of the body change under different temperature.

V. Translate the following conditional sentences into Ukrainian.

1. If metal is heated the electrons move faster. 2. Provided they regarded these new methods once more they would apply them in their research. 3. Were he able to complete his experiment he would surprise us with the results obtained. 4. It would be much easier to compute satellite orbits if the Earth were perfectly spherical and had no atmosphere. 4. If there were no friction we could not even walk. 5. But for electricity little could be done in a modern research laboratory. 6. Were there no atmosphere, the surface of the Earth would become too hot by day and too cold at night. 7. If they had completed the research, the results would have been discussed at the conference.

VI. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “make ”:

Note: make (made) v – робити

make + іменник + інфінітив без частки to – примушувати

(якщо дієслово to make вживається в Passive, інфінітив має частку to)

to make up – складати

to make up for – відновлювати

1. The question is what makes a chemical reaction go. 2. When Mendeleyev reached iron he had to make an eighth column with the three elements - iron, cobalt and nickel in it. 3. No plans were made to analyze the new substance. 4. The laboratory assistant was made to repeat that experiment. 5. There are other processes in nature by which nitrogen is made up for. 6. Each nucleus contains enough protons to account for the positive charge of the nucleus, the balance in the weight is made up of neutrons.

VII. Translate the word-combinations paying attention to the meaning of prefixes.

to operate without recharging, to overestimate the results of the investigation, to superheat the compound, to enrich the metal, to turn out the semi-manufactured parts, interplanetary communication, the property of superconductivity.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary.

Hackers of today

Hackers (хакер, експерт, програміст-фанатик, програміст-зловмисник) having started as toy railroad circuitry designers in the late fifties, are completely new people now. Once turned to computers, they became gods and devils. Nowadays holders (власник) and users of the World Wide Web (глобальна мережа серверів) hide their PCs under password when the keyword (ключове слово) “hacker” is heard. When and how did this change take place? Why are we so frightened of Hacker the Mighty and the Elusive (невловимий)?

One of the legends says that hackers have changed under the influence of “ crackers ” (зломщик) – the people who loved to talk on the phone at somebody else’s expense. Those people hooked up (підключитися) to any number and enjoyed the pleasure of telephone conversation, leaving the most fun (жарт, забава)– bills – for the victim. Another legend tells us that modern hackers were born when a new computer game concept was invented. Rules were very simple: two computer programs were fighting for the reign (панування) on the computer. Memory, disk-space and CPU time were the battlefield. The results of that game are two in number and are well known: hackers and computer viruses. One more story tells that the “new” hackers came to existence when two MIT students that attended the AI (Artificial Intelligence – штучний інтелект) Lab found an error in a network program. They let people, responsible for the network, know but with no result. The offended (ображені) wrote a code that completely paralyzed the network and only after that the error was fixed. By the way, those students founded The Motorola Company later.

Today, when Internet has entered everyone’s house there is no shield (щит, захист) between a hacker and your PC. You can password yourself up, but the either hacker will crack your PC anyway (у будь-який спосіб) or nobody will enter your site, because passwords kill accessibility. If your PC is easy to access no one can guarantee what’ll happen to your computer – hackers, you know them.

Monsters? Chimeras (потвора)? Not at all! Every hacker is a human being and has soft (тихий, спокійний, вишуканий) spots: good food, pretty girls or boys, classic music, hot chocolate at the fireplace, apple pie on Sunday. Hacker is first of all a connoisseur, a professional with no computer secret out of his experience. And what is the application for skills depends on him, God, and Holy Spirit.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What devices are used for inputting information into the computer?

2. What was the most common device in early personal computers?

3. What is the function of a keyboard?

4. Why do many users prefer manipulators to keyboard?

5. How does a mouse operate?

6. What is its function?

7. Where do graphical plotting tables, sound cards, and scanners find their application?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON FIFTEEN

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

permanent, character, impact, literally, iron, content, mechanism, solid, rotate, rapidly, equal

b) stress the second syllable:

performance, identify, approach, addition, requirement, affect, magnetic, approach, machine, observer, cylindrical, emerge, variety, technique

II. Practice connected reading:

human-readable form, the most commonly used output devices, to vary greatly in performance and design, to classify printers, line printers and page printers, three different approaches to printing, to print only one character at a time, computers of all sizes, letter-quality printers, the ink-jet printer, to spray small drops of ink onto paper, to have a high iron content, to be affected by magnetic fields, to be used for high-volume paper output, to vary from 100 to 2,500 lines per minute, to rotate at a rapid speed

Text A. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS

Printers provide information in a permanent, human-readable form. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. We will classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a different speed range. In addition, printers can be described as either impact or non-impact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Non-impact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.

Character printers print only one character at a time. A typewriter is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix printers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers – in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form printed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which is affected by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.

Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems. Their printing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be printing a line at a time. They are impact printers. The speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2,500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms.

Two of the most common print mechanisms are the drum and the chain. Drum printers use a solid, cylindrical drums, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of drum printers vary from 200 to over 2,000 lines per minute. Chain printers have their characters set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2,400 lines per minute.

Page printers are high-speed non-impact printers. Their printing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophotographic techniques, have developed from the paper copier technology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18,000 lines per minute

Vocabulary notes

1. output device пристрій для виведення

2. human-readable легкий для читання людиною

3. approach технологія, метод

4. to vary відрізнятися

5. performance 1) (робоча) характеристика

2) експлуатаційні дані

6. character printer пристрій посимвольного друку

7. line printer пристрій друку рядками

8. page printer пристрій друку сторінками

9. impact printer пристрій контактного друку

10. non-impact printer безконтактний друкарський пристрій

11. to hit натискувати

12. to impact ударяти

13. hammer ударний механізм (у друкарських

пристроях

14. character символ, знак, літера

15. at a time одночасно, відразу

16. typewriter друкарський пристрій

17. literally буквально

18. as well as так само як

19. letter-quality printer високоякісний друкарський пристрій

20. dot-matrix printer матричний друкарський пристрій

21. ink-jet printer пристрій струменевого друку

22. drum printer барабанний друкарський пристрій

23. chain ланцюг

24. print chain друкарський (літерний) ланцюжок

25. copier пристрій копіювання

26. lazer-beam printer лазерний друкарський пристрій

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

printer, information, form, component, computer, system, design, electromechanical, mechanism, microcomputer, second, machine, technique, electrophotographic, technology

II. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a) similar meaning:

to provide, to vary, different, speed, to use, to cause, to call, example, several, newest, to rotate, rapid, to appear, rate, latest, to give, to name, to apply, to emerge, to make, to differ, instance, various, some, to revolve, fast

b) opposite meaning:

permanent, different, impact, fast, high, common, to emerge, the same, uncommon, non-impact, changeable, slow, to disappear, low

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

Output devices, human-readable form, the most commonly used output devices, to vary greatly in performance and design, to classify printers, line printers and page printers, three different approaches to printing, to print only one character at a time, computers of all sizes, letter-quality printers, the ink-jet printer, to spray small drops of ink onto paper, to have a high iron content, to be affected by magnetic fields, to be used for high-volume paper output, to vary from 100 to 2,500 lines per minute, to rotate at a rapid speed

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

пристрій виведення інформації, експлуатаційні дані, різні способи друкування, пристрій друку рядками, пристрої контактного і безконтактного друку, примушувати, пристрої посимвольного друку, високоякісний друкарський пристрій, гірша якість друкування, пристрій струменевого друку, високий вміст заліза, приймати форму, маленькі краплини чорнила, обертатися з великою швидкістю, лазерний друкарський пристрій

III. Define the forms and functions of Gerund.

1. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose. 2. Newton’s having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory. 3. Upon being heated the molecules begin moving very rapidly. 4. The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions. 5. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems without using supercomputers.6. Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ionization. 7. After investigating many materials engineers selected aluminium for constructing this device.

IV. Define the functions of should and would in the following sentences.

1. He thought that you would work at this problem. 2. Everybody should come here by five o’clock. 3. If we began the work tomorrow, it would be finished by the end of the week. 4. He said that he would mention your work in his report. 5. You should insist on his doing that work. 6. They hoped that they would succeed in their experimental work. 7. Every building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating systems.

V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the function of the Infinitive.

1. Their purpose was to obtain a new alloy. 2. The alloy to be used for this purpose will contain little iron. 3. The machinery to be installed in this shop is provided with automatic devices. 4. To understand this phenomena is to understand the structure of atoms. 5. These substances are said to form an alloy. 6. The problem to be solved is difficult. 7. Plastics are supposed to be used instead of metals in many cases. 8. Certain properties of matter appear to be always the same under definite conditions. 9. Television is said to have both advantages and disadvantages. 10. I want this experiment to be carried out today.

VI. Translate into Ukrainian the following sentences with the Complex Subject Construction.

1. Polymers are said to be the dynamic part of industry particularly plastics and fibers. 2. Passenger traffic is expected to continue increasing. 3. The laser beam seems to have almost unlimited industrial possibilities. 4. These chemical changes proved to have been caused by heat. 5. Lomonosov and Franklin happened to make their experiments in the field of atmospheric electricity at about the same time

VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

Note: either – будь-який; також

either … or – або … або

neither – жоден (з двох)

neither … nor – ні … ні

both – обидва

both … and – як … так і

1. Either of these substances can be used in this analysis. 2. Homogeneous materials may be classified either into compounds and elements or into solutions. 3. Both substances were examined before solving. 4. Neither weak acids nor weak bases could react with aluminium hydroxide to produce salts. 5. In his research work he could use neither of these techniques. 6. Both the volume and the shape of the crystalline solid can be altered, but only by application of considerable force. 7. A reversible decomposition of either kind is known as thermal dissociation. 8. The crystals deposited were neither colourless. 9. Hydroxide is itself very weak both as an acid and as a base. 10. Both substances were used in the reaction after their purification. 11. The molecules of a solid are also in motion, but they are limited both in the manner and range of movement. 12. I know the composition of the mixture neither.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Voice synthesis and voice recognition

You’ve probably already heard computers talk to you in certain games and toys. These applications are known as voice synthesis (синтез мови) – the ability of computers to mimic (імітувати) the sound of the human voice.

Although some computers can recognize (розпізнати) and imitate the human voice today, their abilities are rather limited. They recognize only a few hundred words at most, and each word often has to be repeated in order for the computer to really understand it. The same is true with talking computers. Their vocabulary is very small compared to the average human’s vocabulary. This situation, however, is rapidly changing.

To recognize human speech, a computer first has to convert the speech sounds into electrical signals. Then the computer scans the electrical signals and converts it to a series of numbers – 1’s and 0’s. This is known as digitizing (перетворення у цифрову форму) the sound wave. The computer then compares the patterns of numbers to other patterns that have been stored in its memory. When the new pattern exactly matches a stored pattern, the computer “recognizes” or “understands” the word.

Most humans do not have a problem of understanding the same word spoken by two or three different people, unless one has a very heavy accent (сильний акцент). Humans are able to screen out (ретельно відбирати) the characteristics of the person’s voice and concentrate on what is being said. Computers, so far, do not have this ability. To most of today’s computers the same word spoken by three different people is really the same as three different words.

Another problem facing computer designers is the fact that humans talk fast and mumble (мимрити).

Computers also have trouble distinguishing between words and phrases that sound the same. For example, most native speakers of English pronounce “the sky” and “this guy” in the same way. Another person will know which meaning is meant by listening to the other words in the sentence. Scientists and engineers are attempting to program computers with the same ability.

COMPREHENSION

I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is the classification of printers according to speed range of their printing?

2. What are character printers?

3. What is the speed range of letter-quality printers?

4. What is the performance of dot-matrix printers?

5. What is one of the newest types of character printers?

6. What printer is used for high-volume paper output?

7. What printers are considered to be high-speed ones?

8. What printers create printer output at a rate equal to 18, 000 lines per minute?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.

LESSON SIXTEEN

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

personal, category, calendar, maintenance, software, modify, manner, income, architect, lawyer, impetus, literacy

b) stress the second syllable:

professional, exciting, adventure, account, finance, investment, appliance, display, delete, extensive, financial, advisor, consultant, statistical, extent, demand, assist, assignment

c) stress the third syllable:

application, engineering, popularity, occupation, educational, simulation, scientific

II. Practice connected reading:

some major categories of applications, word processing, to enjoy great popularity, an exciting hobby, the full capabilities of a computer, checking account management, investment analyses, applications software, to correct or modify any document, to correct mistakes, to add or delete sentences, income tax preparation, have a profound influence upon the classroom, to give impetus to the design of programmed learning materials, to meet the demands of student and teacher, computer-managed instruction, computer-assisted instruction, computer literacy, programming languages

Text A. APPLICATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers have a lot of applications, however, there are some major categories of applications: home and hobby, word processing, professional, educational, small business and engineering and scientific.

Home and hobby. Personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. They are an exciting hobby. All hobbyists need not be engineers or programmers. There are many games that use the full capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of exciting leisure-time adventure.

The list of other home and hobby applications of PCs is almost endless, including: checking account management, budgeting, personal finance, planning, investment analyses, telephone answering and dialing, home security, home environment and climate control, appliance control, calendar management, maintenance of address and mailing lists and what not.

Word processing. At home or at work, applications software, called a word processing program, enables you to correct or modify any document in any manner you wish before printing it. Using the CRT monitor as a display screen, you are able to view what you have typed to correct mistakes in spelling or grammar, add or delete sentences, move paragraphs around, and replace words. The letter or document can be stored on a diskette for future use.

Professional. The category of professional includes persons making extensive use of word processing, whose occupations are particularly suited to the desk-top use of PCs. Examples of other occupations are accountants, financial advisors, stock brokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers, educators and all levels of managers. Applications programs that are popular with persons in these occupations include accounting, income tax preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modeling. The electronic worksheet is, by far, the computer modelling program most widely used by professionals.

Educational. Personal computers are having and will continue to have a profound influence upon the classroom, affecting both the learner and the teacher. Microcomputers are making their way into classrooms to an ever-increasing extent, giving impetus to the design of programmed learning materials that can meet the demands of students and teachers.

Two important types of uses for prsonal computers in education are computer-managed instruction (CMI), and computer-assisted instruction (CAI). CMI software is used to assist the instructor in the management of all classroom-related activities, such as record keeping, work assignments, testing and grading. Applications of CAI include mathematics, reading, typing, computer literacy, programming languages, and simulations of real-world situations.

Vocabulary notes

1. home compute побутовий комп’ютер

2. word-processing опрацювання текстів

3. scientific computer комп’ютер для наукових розрахунків

4. engineering computer комп’ютер для технічних розрахунків

5. hobby computer комп’ютер для любительського

використання

6. to enjoy popularity користуватися популярністю

7. exciting захоплюючий

8. capabilities можливості

9. checking account поточний рахунок

10. management ведення; управління і контроль

11. budjeting складання кошторису

12. finance фінансова справа

13. investment analysis аналіз економічної ефективності

капіталовкладень

14. telephone answering телефонний автовідповідач

15. dialing встановлення автоматичного зв’язку

16. environment control контроль за станом навколишнього

середовища

17. climate control контроль за температурним режимом

18. appliance control контроль за побутовими

електроприоадами

19. maintenance ведення (файлу)

20. mailing поштове відділення

21. application software прикладне програмне забезпечення

22. to modify видозмінювати

23. CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube)

monitor монітор на електронному кінескопі

24. to view переглядати

25. spelling правопис

26. to delete вилучити

27. paragraph абзац

28. desk-top настільний

29. accountant бухгалтер- експерт

30. financial adviser фінансовий радник

31. stock broker брокер фондової біржі

32. tax consultant консультант з питань податків

33. educator вихователь, педагог

34. application program прикладна програма

35. accounting бухгалтерський облік

36. income tax прибутковий податок

37. stock market фондова біржа, ринок акцій

38. worksheet робоча таблиця

39. by far безсумнівно

40. schedulling розподіл

41. to give an impetus to стимулювати

42. to meet the demand відповідати вимогам

43. CAI комп’ютеризоване навчання

(computer assisted instruction)

44. CMI навчання, яке керується комп’ютером

(computer managed instruction)

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