PAIR WORK. There is no unique layout of the contract

B.

A.

A.

There is no unique layout of the contract. We may find different formats of this document which can be caused by the traditions of the country in business documents as well as in business communications and also by the development of business as such in the country. The former is determined by the degree, of trustworthiness of the partners in business. Therefore in the countries with the developed business traditions and legislation system we find that contracts are short and contain the major provisions while other business procedures may be reflected (specified) in numerous supplements and appendices. In the countries where business relationship has been introduced recently a party to the contract should specify all the particulars about the contract matter.

A contract forms the basis of a transaction between the Buyers and the Sellers and great care is exercised when the Contract is being prepared that all the legal obligations have been stated.

B.

A written contract of sale is made out in the form of a document signed both by the Buyers and the Sellers.

When there is no necessity of introducing special terms and conditions into the contract of sale. Standard forms of contracts containing the following clauses (articles) are used:

1. Naming (definition) of the Parties

2. Subject of the contract and volume of delivery

3. Prices and the total value (amount) of the contract (including terms of delivery)

4. Time (dates) of delivery

5. Terms of payment

6. Transportation (=carriage) of goods (packing and marking, shipment)

7. The Sellers' guarantees (the quality of the goods)

8. Sanctions and compensation for damage

9. Insurance

10. Force majeure circumstances

11. Arbitration

12. General provisions

Also, there may be standard General Conditions which form an integral part of the contract and are either printed on the reverse side of the contract or at the foot of the face of the contract or attached to it.

In the case of a contract for sophisticated machinery and equipment there may be other clauses: technical conditions, test and inspection conditions, requirements to technical documentation, supervision of erection and putting the machinery into operation (commissioning), and sending specialists for the purpose, training of the Buyers' specialist, the Sellers’ obligations for technical servicing and the like. These clauses may be included in the contract itself or in the Appendices to the contract which are an integral part of it.

When detailed special terms and conditions are introduced into the contract or the agreement, it is customary to draw up an individual contract or agreement in each particular case (e.g. a turnkey contract, a licence agreement).

Standard forms of contracts are worked out by the biggest federations and associations of merchants and importers abroad, by exchanges, Chambers of Commerce and the like for use in particular trade.

Ex. 1. Complete the table below using these verbs, which all collocate with the noun contract.

amend, cancel, enter into, execute, modify, rescind, sign, supplement, terminate

To form or make a contract valid	To make a contract partly or wholly invalid	To change or add to a contract

Ex. 2. Complete the table.

Verb	Adjective	Noun
apply	—	—
—	authorized	—
—	—	overdraft
alter	—	—
—	requisite	—
—	—	overdraft
specify	—	—
—	abbreviated	—
—	—	indorsement
secure	—	—
—	confidential	—
—	—	cancellation
modify	—	—
—	prescribed	—
—	—	beneficiary
economize	—	—
—	remedial	—
—	—	legality
accumulate	—	—
—	completed	—
—	—	negotiation
confirm	—	—
—	fabricated	—
—	—	negligence
agree	—	—
—	definitive	—
—	—	enforcement

Ex. 3. Complete the following text using the words in the box.

estimated, performance of the contract, to meet parties’ requirements, fixed price, assumed, contractor, supported with, circulation, contract terms, incurred, cost reimbursement contract, subject of the deal, nature of the goods

There are different classifications of the types of contracts. The selection of an appropriate contract type depends on factors such as ¹⁾ ______, services, or construction to be procured, the uncertainties which may be involved in contract performance, and the extent to which the parties are to assume the risk of the cost of ²⁾ ______. Contract types differ in the degree of responsibility ³⁾ ______ by the contractor.

Contracts are divided into administrative-managerial, financial-economical, advertising, scientific-technical, and artistic-publicational contracts. Functional spheres of their ⁴⁾ ______ can be easily guessed from names of contract types in this classification.

Contracts may be differentiated by the ⁵⁾ ______. There are export contracts for the sale of oil products, machinery tools, grain, timber, the supply of goods, etc. Orders in import trade deal with ordering and purchasing goods. They are often ⁶⁾ ______ requests, remindings, verifications of different terms, guarantee and waving inspection letters, and many others.

There are two broad contract groups — ⁷⁾ ______ and cost reimbursement. Within each of these groups, there are various types of contracts which can be used individually or in combination.

A fixed-price contract places responsibility on the ⁸⁾ ______ for the delivery of the product or the complete performance of the services or construction in accordance with the ⁹⁾ ______ at a price which is firm or may be subject to contractually specified adjustments. The fixed-price contract is appropriate for use when the extent and type of work necessary ¹⁰⁾ ______ can be reasonably specified and the cost can be reasonably estimated, as is generally the case for construction or standard commercial products.

A ¹¹⁾ ______ allows for payment of all ¹²⁾ ______ costs, within a predetermined ceiling, that can be allocated to the contract, and are allowable within cost standards, and reasonable. This type of contract is required when the uncertainties of performance will not permit a fixed price to be ¹³⁾ ______ with sufficient accuracy to ensure that a fair and reasonable price is obtained.

Ex. 4. Link the type of contract to its description.

Consultancy agreement, Distribution agreement, Franchise agreement, Loan agreement, Manufacturing licence agreement, Terms and conditions of sale agreement, Contract of employment, Directors’ service agreement, Shareholders’ agreement

1. This agreement is used to insure the repayment of money borrowed, usually in monthly installments.

2. This agreement is used where one party buys goods from the manufacturer and re-sells them on his own account. He will however be given the right to use the manufacturer’s intellectual property rights.

3. This agreement sets out the terms and conditions on which a business supplies goods.

4. This agreement is used where one party grants to another the right to run a business in the name of the first party.

5. This is the equivalent of a contract of employment for directors.

6. This agreement is used where one party is providing services as an independent advisor to a company.

7. This agreement should be used where one party (the licensor) owns intellectual property rights in respect of a product it has developed and wishes to license the manufacture of the product to a third party.

8. This is intended to govern the relationship between a number of shareholders in a company. The agreement works as a second layer of protection preventing the company from being run in a manner other than has been agreed.

9. This contract comes into existence as soon as a job is accepted whether that offer is oral or in writing.

Ex. 5. Insert the correct prepositions where necessary.

A foreign trade contract is a legal document governing an export-import transaction. It should be strictly drawn up ¹⁾ ___ updated terms and conditions, considering international trade practice. If the powers (rights) and liability ²⁾ ___ the foreign partner are not verified, the contract may turn out to be null and void; improper definition ³⁾ ___ the obligations ⁴⁾ ___ the parties may lead ⁵⁾ ___ disputes and failure to complete the transaction; absence ⁶⁾ ___ penalty clauses may result ⁷⁾ ___ delays ⁸⁾ ___ deliveries; absence ⁹⁾ ___ an arbitration clause may prevent the parties ¹⁰⁾ ___ setting claims quickly.

Serious attention should be paid ¹¹⁾ ___ the existing ¹²⁾ ___ some countries ¹³⁾ ___ high discriminatory rates ¹⁴⁾ ___ the customs tariff, strict licence regime, export and import quotas, anti-dumping legislation, regulation ¹⁵⁾ ___ unfair competition, embargo, other trade policy restrictions.

Ex. 6. Find synonyms to the following words.

1. capacity of the contractors, 2. performance of a contract/a machine, 3. to settle, 4. to meet liabilities, 5. appendix, 6. by deed, 7. invalid, 8. to be entitled, 9. to commission, 10. to make out a contract, 11. the total value, 12. contingency, 13. general provisions, 14. at the foot, 15. to attach smth, 16. to adopt, 17. in full conformity with, 18. to infringe a contract, 19. to annul a contract, 20. counterpart, 21. lease, 22. outside the extent of a contract, 23. buyer and seller, 24. with full particulars.

Ex. 7. Translate into English using your active vocabulary (in writing). Pay special attention to the words in italics in part B.

1. выполнять свой долг, 2. строгое соблюдение взаимных обязательств, 3. заключить крупномасштабную сделку, 4. основные операции, связанные с обменом товарами, 5. отвечать за перевозку товара, 6. гарантировать проведение расчета по платежам в срок, 7. быть действительным в течение 60 дней, 8. иметь право заключать агентские соглашения от имени своего объединения, 9. отвечать за монтаж, 10. взять оборудование по договору аренды и займа на пять лет, 11. вспомогательные операции, связанные с обеспечением успешного проведения основных, 12. получить обратно должным образом подписанное соглашение, 13. ряд бартерных и компенсационных сделок, 14. предложить компенсацию за ущерб (за повреждение товара), 15. лицензионное соглашение сроком на 10 лет, 16. рабочие характеристики поставленного оборудования, 17. начать рекламную кампанию, 18. общая стоимость контракта, 19. общий объем поставки, 20. составить условия договора аренды и займа, 21. являться неотъемлемой частью контракта, 22. напечатать Общие Условия поставки на обратной стороне контракта, 23. приложить к инициативному предложению список запчастей, 24. обеспечить обучение специалистов покупателя, 25. принимать обсужденные меры (шаги), 26. включить стоимость маркировки и упаковки в цену товара, 27. принять новый типовой контракт, 28. ряд статей контракта, 29. получить большую сумму денег в качестве компенсации за повреждение товара в пути, 30. составить контракт на поставку электрооборудования, 31. количество поставленного оборудования, 32. при сложившихся обстоятельствах, 33. проводить пуск оборудования в эксплуатацию, 34. увеличить взаимные поставки товаров, 35. предпочитать покупку в кредит или в рассрочку, 36. покупая товар у новой фирмы, следует знать ее финансовое положение, 37. ссылаясь на вышеуказанный факс о наступлении чрезвычайного обстоятельства, 38. как указано выше, особое внимание будет обращено на, 39. быть более или менее удовлетворенным качеством поставленного товара, 40. в дополнение к нашему факсу вы получите письмо со всеми подробностями.

1. а) быть удовлетворенным работой этой машины б) обеспечивать работу демонстрационного зала в) отвечать за работу этого оборудования

2. а) широкая рекламная кампания б) он — тебе не компания в) крупная иностранная компания

3. а) принимать гостей по воскресеньям б) не принимать дефектное оборудование в) принимать обсужденные рекомендации

Ex. 8. Complete the sentences below using the correct form of the verbs in the box.

breach, enter into, modify, sign, terminate, renew

1. Minors and the mentally incompetent lack the legal capacity to ______ contracts.

2. Courts generally rule that if the parties have a meeting of the minds and act as though there was a formal, written and ______ contract, then a contract exists.

3. The lawsuit claimed that the defendant ______ a confidentiality contract by attempting to sell trade secrets as his own inventions.

4. “Evergreen clauses” are those clauses which cause automatic renewal unless the contract ______.

5. While fixed-term contracts involve an agreement that the job will last for a specified period of time, provisions are often included to enable the contract ______ if so desired.

6. The committee shall have no authority to change or otherwise ______ contract language.

Ex. 9. Translate the following dialogue into English.

А.: –Если бы у нас было время, мы поговорили бы о внешнеторговых операциях вообще или об основных характеристиках договора купли-продажи.

В.: –Давай попробуем. Не будем обсуждать основные коммерческие операции. Там все ясно: заключение договора купли-продажи, подрядного контракта или аренды и займа.

А.: –Я с тобой не согласен. Времени нет, иначе я бы с удовольствием поговорил о контрактах “под ключ”. Они ведь появились не так давно, да? Или обсудил бы бартерную пограничную торговлю, и почему она так быстро развивается в настоящее время, и чем она выгодна.

В.: –Да, пожалуй, ты прав. И компенсационные сделки тоже очень интересны. Когда появились крупномасштабные сделки на компенсационной основе?

А.: –По-моему, еще в шестидесятых годах прошлого столетия. И торговля лицензиями, патентами и ноу-хау тоже началась в это же время в нашей стране.

В.: –Да, мне тоже кажется, что в начале шестидесятых. А сейчас меня интересуют обслуживающие операции, в особенности связанные с транспортировкой грузов.

А.: –А я бы еще поговорил о договоре аренды и займа. У нас этот вид внешнеторговой деятельности слабо развит, не так ли? А было бы очень выгодно получить возможность пользоваться, например, электронным оборудованием по договору аренды и займа. Разве это не так?

В.: –Безусловно, это так. Но вернемся к транспорту. Мне нужно выяснить один вопрос. Скажи мне, пожалуйста, мы заключили договоры морской перевозки груза или только чартеры?

А.: –Я точно не знаю. Нужно выяснить.

В.: –Ну ладно. Поговорим об этом в другой раз.

А.: –Давай на этом остановимся. Я бы продолжил наш разговор: я очень люблю такие беседы, но мне пора идти. До завтра!

В.: –Увидимся! Пока!

Ex. 10. Discuss in the form of a dialogue the situation with/in barter trade, countertrade, lease, charter parties, turn-key contracts, etc. in this country. Give your examples.

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