Compositional features

Lexical features

-Bookish words: presume, infer, preconception, cognitive; scientific terminology and phraseology.

- Neologisms, proper names, words – in their primary dictionary meaning.

- Restricted use of emotive colouring, interjections, expressive phraseology, phrasal verbs and colloquial vocabulary; seldom use of tropes.

- Logical and consistent narration, sequential presentation of facts.

- extensive use of citation, references, foot-notes, - restricted use of expressive means and stylistic devices.

- Conventional set phrases.

- Special set of connective phrases: on the contrary, likewise, consequently, double conjunctions: as…as, either…or, both…and.

- Compositionally arranged sentence patterns: postulatory (at the beginning), argumentative (central part), formulative (in the conclusion).

- Types of texts compositionally depend on the scientific genre: monograph, article, presentation, thesis, dissertation.

- Proper scientific texts: mathematics: highly formalized, with prevalence of formulae, tables, diagrams with concise commentary phrases.

- In humanitarian texts: descriptive narration with argumentation and interpretation.

5. The Correlation of Style and Norm in the Language: Language Varieties.

Speaking of Style, we can say that this notion has many definitions, EX:

Style – socially recognized and functionally conditioned, internally united totality of the ways of using, selecting and combining the means of lingual intercourse in some national language (V.V. Vinogradov).

Style – a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication (I. R. Galperin).

Style – specific features of text type (what differentiates a group of homogeneous texts) or of a specific text (an individual text) (Skrebnev).

Style – is deviation from Norm”= departure from the Norm (G.Leech, M.Riffaterre, M.Halliday, R.Jacobson).

Y.M.Skrebnev: “each of the national languages has a norm of its own”.

The notion of the norm mainly refers to the literary language and always presupposes a recognized or received s t a n d a r d.

There is no universally accepted norm of the standard literary language, there are different norms and there are special kinds of norm which are called sty­listic norms.

The norm is regarded by some-linguists as "a regulator which controls a set of variants, the borders of variations and also admissible and inadmissible variants." (E. A. Makayev)

Here are some other definitions.

"The norm is a set of stable (i.e. regularly used) means objectively existing in the language and systematically used."

"The norm is a linguistic abstraction, an idea thought up by linguists and existing only in their minds." (A. E. Darbyshire)

The favoured variety is usually a version of the standard written language, especially as encountered in literature or in the formal spoken language that most closely reflects literary style. It is presented in dictionaries, grammars and other official manuals. Those who speak and write in this way are said to be using language 'correctly', those who do not are said to be using it 'incorrectly'. Correct usage is associated with the notion of the linguistic norm. The norm is closely related to the system of the language as an abstract ideal system. The system provides and determines the general rules of usage of its elements, the norm is the actual use of these provisions by individual speakers under specific conditions of communication.

Individual use of the language implies a personal selection of linguistic means on all levels. When this use conforms to the general laws of the language this use will coincide with what is called the literary norm of the national language.

The literary norm varies due to a number of factors, such as regional, social, situational, personal, etc.

Skrebnev says that “There are many Norms as there are sublanguages, thus, in terms of Stylistics it would be more appropriate to call it NEUTRALITY”.

Neutrality

Stylistically Stylistically

coloured specific :: neutral non-specific

elements elements

The majority of the words are neutral. Stylistically coloured words are: bookish, solemn, poetic, official, dialectical, vulgar.

Stylistically coloured specific elements

Formal vocabulary:: Informal vocabulary

Bookish:: Colloquial

Correct:: Common

Roman Jacobson Casual:: Non-casual

Specific distribution may also create unexpected additional colouring of a generally neutral word. Such stylistic connotation is called “Occasional” (Znamenskaya).

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