National language

The varieties of the language

1. Territorial varieties

The English language:: National language

With respect to the accepted Literary Norm of the language, we distinguish Standard English and Non-standard English.

V.V.Gurevich Standard English - is “the variant that is fixed in the written language, works of fiction, in radio and TV speech”.

Variant –

Non-standard English - is represented by dialects and variants of the language found in the different geographical areas where English is used.

Dialect –

Standard Non-standard

Written Oral Oral No written

English language

New Zealand American British African Australian

Canadian Irish

2. Vocabulary in the aspect of time

Archaic or obsolete words that belong to some previous of language development. Historisms - words that reflect some phenomena belonging to the past times.

Neologisms – are the words that have recently come into the language and are still felt as rather new. Comparatively new borrowings from other languages, which are not yet completely assimilated in the language (phonetically or grammatically), are stylistically marked as foreign words (sometimes as barbarisms) V.V.Gurevich.

6. The Theory of Stylistic Devices: Different approaches.

Expressive means of the language - are those linguistic forms and properties that have the potential to make the utterance emphatic or expressive (T.A.Znamenskaya). They can be found at all levels: phonetic, graphical, morphological, lexical and syntactical.

E.M. – devices serving to strengthen communicative effects of speech (text), as opposed to image-creating means (tropes, simile) (Y.M.Skrebnev).

Having much in common, expressive means and stylistic devices are not synonymous: all stylistic devices belong to expressive means, but not all expressive means are stylistic devices. EX. 1) Phonetic phenomena (pauses, logical stress) or staccato pronunciation are expressive without being stylistic devices. 2) Morphological forms (diminutive suffixes: girlie, piggy, doggy, etc.) 3) Lexical expressive means (intensifiers: awfully, terribly, absolutely, etc.) 4) Syntactical patterns: I do know you!

A stylistic device – is a literary model (prof. I.R.Galperin calls it a generative model) in which semantic and structural features are blended so that it represents a generalized pattern (T.A.Znamenskaya).

S.D. - is choice or arrangement of units to achieve expressive or image-creating effect (Y.M.Skrebnev).

This first theory of style included 3 subdivisions:

· the choice of words: lexical expressive means such as foreign words, archaisms, neologisms, poetic words, nonce words and metaphor;

· word combinations: word order, word combinability, rhythm and period (a complete sentence)

· figures of speech: antithesis, assonance of colons, equality of colons.

1. The choice of words included lexical expressive means such as foreign words, archaisms, neologisms, poetic words, nonce words and metaphor.

2. Word combinations involved 3 things:

a) order of words;

b) word-combinations;

c) rhythm and period (in rhetoric, a complete sentence).

3. Figures of speech. This part included only 3 devices used by the
antique authors always in the same order.

a) antithesis;

b) assonance of colons;

c) equality of colons.

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