The theory of stylistic devices, suggested by V.V.Gurevich

The theory of expressive means and stylistic devices by Y.M.Skrebnev

hierarchical arrangement into 5 levels: phonetics, morphology, lexicology, syntax, semasiology (or semantics).

Paradigmatic ← 1.Phonetics → Syntagmatic

Stylistics ← 2.Morphology → Stylistics

← 3. Lexicology →

← 4. Syntax →

← 5. Semasiology →

1. Stylistic devices making use of the meaning of language units (figures of speech)

Metaphor (O.I.Glazunova)

· Nominal metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. And down they bring, pearls rowe

· Predicative metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. He faded into age

· Genitive metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. A cup of kindness

· Adverbial metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. He burned with desire

· Attributive metaphoric phrase/ construction. Ex. The crystal streamlets

· Simile. Ex. My love is like a red, red rose.

Phraseological units

Metonymy

- Synecdoche

- Container instead of content (dish, a cup)

- Characteristic feature instead of the object (В комнату вошла вошла голова)

- Name of the instrument instead of the action/doer.

Zeugma, Oxymoron, Hyperbole and Litotes, Epithet, Periphrasis, Antonomasia, Euphemisms, Personification, Allusion, Irony, Rhetorical questions.

2. Stylistic devices making use of the structure of language units

Repetition

1) Lexical repetition

Anaphora – the repetition of the same elements in the beginning of several sentences.

Epiphora - the repetition of the same elements in the end of several sentences.

2) Syntactic repetition (may include syntactic tautology) or syntactic parallelism

Chiasm - a reversed version of syntactic parallelism. Ex. Down dropped the breeze/The sails dropped down.

Climax (gradation) and Anticlimax

Climax – lexical or syntactic repetition of elements which is combined with gradual increase in the emotional colouring of the sentence.

Anticlimax – the opposite to the climax (the final element is obviously weaker in degree).

Ellipsis – The device consists in omission of some parts of the sentence that are easily understood from the context.

Asyndeton - is a deliberate omission of conjunctions.

Polysyndeton - (opposite to asyndeton) the repeated use of the same connectors before several parts of sentence.

Antithesis - a structure that stresses a sharp contrast in meaning between the parts within 1 sentence.

3. Phonetic expressive means and devices

Alliteration, assonance

Alliteration – is a device based on repetition of the same or similar sounds at close distance, which makes speech more expressive. Ex. Willy-nilly (volence-nolence)

Assonance – (a variant of alliteration) – 1) repetition of the same vowels only.

Onomatopoeia – (sound imitation) – the use of words which denote some phenomenon by imitating its real sounding (produced by animals or natural noises).

The use of Rhythm and rhyme in versification

Rhyme – is produced by alternation of regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Why do you cry, Willy? Why do you cry?

7. Notions of “style”, “norm” and “function” in the language.

(Style and Norm – билет 5)

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