Stephen Hawking

B. (ground-breaking, radiation, imaginary, publications, bestseller, govern, unify, determined, gained).

STATES OF MATTER

A. (ionised, fixed, maintain, plasma, compressible, flow, force, spread, applied, volume, division, bottom)

The three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. A solid maintains a ________ shape and a fixed size; even if a large force is _____________ to a solid, it does not readily change in shape or ________________.

A liquid does not maintain a fixed shape, it takes on the shape of its container, but like a solid, it is not readily____________, and its volume can be changed significantly only by a very large_________________.

A gas has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume, it will expand to fill its container. For example, when air is pumped into an automobile tire, the air does not run to the __________ as a liquid would; it ______________ out to fill the whole volume of the tire.

Since liquids and gases do not_____________ a fixed shape, they both have the ability to___________: they are thus often referred to collectively as fluids. The ____________ of matter into three states is not always simple. How, for example, should butter be classified? Furthermore, a fourth state of matter can be distinguished, the____________ state, which occurs only at very high temperatures and consists of______________ atoms. Some scientists believe that the so-called colloids should also be considered a separate state of matter.

The British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking (1942), 1_____________ fame in 1988 with the publication of "A Brief History of Time." The book later was made into a movie of the same name. He holds the professorship at Cambridge University once held by Sir Isaac Newton and did 2_____________ research on the theory of black holes.

Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which 3__________ the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated it was necessary to 4____________ General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit 5_______________ and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in 6_____________ time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely 7______________ by the laws of science. His many 8______________ include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G. F. R. Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W. Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W. Israel. Stephen Hawking has two popular books published; his 9______________ A Brief History of Time, and his later book, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays. Most of his work he has done while confined to a wheelchair brought on by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig’s Disease.

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