Hydroelectric Power Plants

Hydroelectric power plants are built on rivers. Large-capacity hy­droelectric power plants are commonly located at considerable dis­tances from the consumers of electric power.

The production process at these plants is rather simple: the water flows into the hydroturbine runner, acts upon-the runner blades and ro­tates the runner and the turbine shaft.

The generator shaft is connected to the turbine runner shaft. The dif­ference in the water level influences the power capacity of a plant, i.e. the magnitude of the water head and the daily inflow of water fluctuates considerably according to the season.

The production process is different at power plants of different con­structions and of different kinds. In atomic power plants, for example, it is not so simple as in hydroelectric plants.

3. Complete the sentences using the correct variant:

1. Hydroelectric a) on rivers, power plants b) on waterfalls, are built

2. Large-capacity a) at a short distance from consumers of power, power plants b) at a considerable distance from consumers of are located power.

3. The production a) is very complex, process at the b) is rather simple, plants

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4. The power ca­pacity of a plant 5. The daily in­flow of water 6. The production process

a) remains constant.

b) changes considerably.

c) is influenced by the difference in the water level.

a) fluctuates according to the consumption.

b) fluctuates according to the season.

a) depends upon the construction of the plant.

b) is the same at power plants of different construc­tions.

Pair work. Put these questions to your groupmate and ask him/her to answer them:

1. On what sites are hydroelectric power plants built?

2. Are large-capacity plants located far from consumers of power?

3. Is the production process at the plants simple or is it complex?

4. What influences the power capacity of a plant?

5. According to what factors does the daily inflow of water fluctuate?

6. Does the production process at the plant depend on its construction?

7. Do you know that a thermal power plant seldom has an efficiency more than 40%?

a) Cover the right column and read the English words. Translate them into Russian and check your translation.

b) Cover the left column and translate the Russian words back into English.

теплообменник nap труба, лампа пыль обслуживающий персонал поставлять загрязнить защищать

exchanger [iks'tjemdsa]

steam

tube

dust

attending personnel [.pasa'nel]

to deliver

to pollute

to shield [Ji:ld]

2. Put down the Russian equivalents of these word combinations. Then

translate them back into English (orally).

i

a. auxiliary units

steam generator ________________________________

heat exchanger fuel consumption

b. water to be heated in the reactor water to be converted into steam steam to be fed into the turbogenerator

с the polluted atmosphere utilized nuclear fuel shielded concrete walls

Atomic Power Plant

Atomic power plants are modern installations. They consist of sev­eral main units and a great number of auxiliary ones.

In a nuclear reactor uranium is utilized as a fuel. During operation process powerful heat and radioactive radiation are produced. The nu­clear reactor is cooled by water circulation. Cooling water circulates through a system of tubes, in which the water is heated to a temperature of 250-300°C. In order to prevent boiling of water, it passes into the re­actor at a pressure up to 150 atmospheres.

A steam generator includes a series of heat exchangers comprising tubes. The water heated in the reactor is delivered into the heat ex­changer tubes. The water to be converted into steam flows outside these tubes. The steam produced is fed into the turbogenerator.

Besides, an atomic power plant comprises a common turbogenera­tor, a steam condenser with circulating water and a switchboard.

Atomic power plants have their advantages as well as disadvantages. The reactors and steam generators operate in them noiselessly; the at­mosphere is not polluted by dust and smoke. As to the fuel consump­tion, it is of no special importance and there is no problem of fuel transportation.

The disadvantage of power plants utilizing nuclear fuel is their ra­diation. Radioactive radiation produced in the reactors is dangerous for attending personnel. Therefore, the reactors and steam generators are '"stalled underground. They are also shielded by thick (up to 1.5 m) ^concrete walls. All their controls are operated by means of automatic devices. These measures serve to protect people from radioactive ra­diation.

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3. Complete the sentences using thecorrect variant:

4. Pair work. Putthese questions to your groupmate andask him/her I answer them: 1. What are the main units of an atomic power plant? 2. By what means is the nuclear reactor cooled? 3. At what pressure does the water pass into the reactor? 4. What types of power plants pollute the air with dust and smoke? 5. Why is it necessary to protect attending personnel? 6. By what means is it done?

1. a) Cover the rightcolumn and read the English words. Translafe them intoRussian andcheck your translation. b) Cover the left column and translate theRussian words back ii English. concrete ['konkriit] environment [inVaiaranrriant]

1. A nuclear reactor is used in

2. A nuclear reactor is cooled

by

3. Water is passed into the re­actor

4. High pressure

5. Atomic power plants

6. Circulating water flows

7. Attending personnel is shielded by

a) wind-power plants.

b) atomic power plants.

a) water circulating in tubes.

b) oil circulating in tubes.

a) at a low pressure.

b) at a high pressure.

a) activates boiling of water.

b) prevents boiling of water.

a) pollute the air with dust and smoke.

b) do not pollute the air with dust and smoke.

a) inside the heat exchangers.

b) outside the heat exchangers.,

бетон окружающая среда

c) thick concrete walls.

d) thick metal walls.

I'fijan]

fission (stainless) steel vessel waste to confine to release to withstand to dispose

расщепление

(нержавеющая) сталь

сосуд

[kan'fam] fn'li:z]

отходы

заключать

выпускать, освобождать

противостоять

устранять, убирать

2. Put down the Russian equivalents of these word combinations. Then translate them back into English (orally):

nuclear fuel

nuclear fission __________________________________________

steel vessel __________________________________________

reactor vessel __________________________________________

fission release __________________________________________

sealed tubes __________________________________________

concrete housing __________________________________________

waste products __________________________________________

nuclear waste_______________________________________________

^shielded cylinders___________________________________________

Дата добавления: 2015-05-08