Korea (Republic)

Japan

India

COUNTRY NOTES

Denmark • What is a new approach intended to? Wave research has been carried out' in Denmark since 1978, prima­rily on a system in which a heaving buoy operates a pump in a concrete²base. This was developed by Danish Wave Power Aps (now Ramboll). Following testing of a 1 kW experimental design, a 45 kW prototype was tested in 1989—1990. The experience gained³in those tests led to the design of a smaller system, which included short-term energy storage built into the base. This was tested at various periods throughout 1994—1995. Danish Wave Power has also coordinated work sponsored by the European Commission, such as a technical evalua­tion of all wave energy converters.

More recently, publicity and attention has been given to the Wave Plane, an invention of Erik Skarup who has formed the company Wave Plane International and raised 6 million Danish Kroner from private investors. This is a new approach, which is intended to act somewhat like a floating Tapchan.

During 2004-2005, 20 million Danish Kroner will be made avail­able by the Danish government for wave energy research. This will be used to develop new devices, as well as optimization and model testing of more advanced ideas. An advisory group⁴ is about to be set up to put together a strategy for this program.

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• When and where was a 150 kW prototype OWC with harbour walls built?

The Indian wave energy program started in 1983 at the Institute of Technology, Madras and has concentrated almost exclusively on the OWC concept. A 150 kW prototype OWC with harbour walls was

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С. Wave Energy 121

built onto the breakwater of the Vizhinjam Fisheries Harbour, near Trivandrum on the south-west coast of India, in 1991. This scheme has functioned well, producing data that have been used to design and build an improved demonstration scheme at the same site. This will have sev­eral new features, including a superior generator and turbine. Following the successful testing of this new scheme, it is proposed to build a com­mercial scheme of 10 caissons (опоры), each 21 m wide, at Thangas-sery, on the west coast of India. Each caisson will have two power mod­ules, both with a 55 kWe rating leading to an overall rating of 1.1 MWe. These caissons will be spaced at an optimum distance apart, in order to increase their overall capture efficiency to above that of a single caisson.

Ireland • What invitation has the Irish Department of Public Enterprise issued?

Considerable wave energy research has been carried out in Ireland. Much of this work — on evaluating wave resource, modelling the hydrodynamics of wave energy devices, model testing and device design (primarily OWC's) — has been carried out at University College Cork. The College also co-ordinates the Wave Energy Research Net­work for the European Commission and has played a role in develop­ing the European wave energy atlas (see Portugal).

As part of its third Alternative Energy Requirement (AER III), the Irish Department of Public Enterprise has issued an invitation to tender' for wave energy schemes to operate in Irish waters. In addition to receiving a capital grant of Ecu² 930,000, the successful scheme will be paid a premium price for its output for a fixed period of time (~15 years). The successful device will be installed and operating in 2004.

The McCabe Wave Pump (MWP) is a hinged-raft wave energy con­version system, which has been studied both theoretically and experi­mentally. In August 1996, Hydam Technology deployed a 40 m long prototype off the coast of Kilbanna, County Clare, Ireland, where it is still undergoing tests. The device is particularly suited to swell³ condi­tions and is primarily intended for desalination: several Pacific islands have already expressed an interest.

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• What are the results of extensive wave energy research undertaken in Japan?

Extensive wave energy research has been undertaken in Japan, with particular emphasis on the construction and deployment of prototype devices (primarily OWC's).

A five-chambered OWC was built as part of the harbour wall at Sakata Port in Japan. The device became operational in 1989 but, after a test program, only three air chambers were used for energy production. A turbogenerator module of 60 kW has been installed and is being used as a power generator unit for demonstration and monitoring purposes. This is expected to be replaced later by a larger and more powerful turbine (possibly 200 kW).

In 1983, a 40 kW steel and concrete OWC was deployed on the shoreline structure at Sanze, for research purposes. This functioned for several years and was then decommissioned and examined to in­vestigate its resistance to corrosion and fatigue'.

A scheme comprising 10 OWC's was installed in front of an existing breakwater at Kujukuri-Cho. The air emitted from each OWC was manifolded² into a pressurised reservoir and used to drive a 30 kW turbine.

A prototype 130 kW OWC was deployed at Haramachi in 1996. This uses rectifying valves to control the flow of air to and from the turbine, in order to produce a steady power output.

A floating OWC known as the Backward Bent Duct Buoy was de­ployed in Japan. This is similar to a conventional OWC but the opening faces towards the shoreline. Another, more conventional floating OWC (the Mighty Whale) is also being developed.

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• What are novel features of the Shim wind-wave energy scheme?

The Shim wind-wave energy scheme has been developed in cooper­ation with Baek Jae Engineering of Seoul. It has many novel features, including a floating, lattice structure fabricated from plastics and com­posites, as well as incorporating an array of small wind turbines.

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C. Wave Energy

The design is at an early stage of development and, as such, there are several aspects that need further development. However, an indepen­dent assessment has been carried out which indicated that, if research in these areas is successful and the device lives up to its early promise, it is likely to be economically competitive with a range of electricity generation technologies, if deployed in energetic wave climates such as those of Western Europe. Baek Jae Engineering are continuing to develop the design and are intending to progress to testing a prototype in the near future.

Netherlands • What can you say about the Archimedes Wave Swing?

Teamwork Technology bv and a consortium of Dutch companies have been working to develop the Archimedes Wave Swing over the last four years. It is a heaving buoy device consisting of an array of three or more point absorbers. These are like hollowed-out "mushrooms", which contain air to achieve neutral buoyancy and are tethered' below the surface of the sea. As waves pass over the top of the mushroom, they alter the pressure of the air inside the mushroom and hence its buoyancy. This causes the system to move up and down, which acti­vates heave² compensators connected between the mushroom and its sea bed mounting. These pump oil to an hydraulic motor to supply mechanical power to an electric generator. All the mechanical and elec­trical equipment is contained within a single detachable³ unit sealed from sea water. The system is undergoing modification prior to begin­ning installation of a pilot plant in the waters off Portugal.

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