Seminar 2

Read the rhyme. Transcribe the words used to imitate the sounds made by different animals. State the stylistic device formed by this phonetic means.

Read these rhymes. State what sounds are used to produce the effect of alliteration and for what purpose.

Read these pairs of words. State to what parts of speech they belong. Single out the sounds that interchange. Translate the words into Russian.

deep — depth know — knowledge

brief — brevity please — pleasure

sagacious — sagacity mead — meadow

strong — strength nature — natural

precise — precision beast — bestial

broad — breadth brass — brazen

flower — flourish pretend — pretension

assume — assumption correct — correction

conclude — conclusion object — objection

confess — confession divide — division

depress — depression collide — collision

rector — rectorial

13. Find out examples from prose illustrating the connection
of phonetics with stylistics through intonation and its components.

a) How many berries could a bare berry carry?

If a bare berry could carry berries?

Well they can't carry berries

(Which could make you very wary?)

But a bare berry carried is scarier!

b) The big black bug bit the big black bear,

but the big black bear bit the big black bug back!

c) She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore;

The shells she sells are sea-shells, I'm sure.

So if she sells sea-shells on the sea-shore,

Then I'm sure she sells sea-shore shells.

d) Swan swam over the sea;

Swim, swan, swim.

Swan swam back again,

Well, swum swan.

Bow-wow, says the dog; _____________________

Mew, mew, says the cat; _____________________

Grunt, grunt, goes the hog; ___________________

And squeak, goes the rat. _____________________

Tu-whu, says the owl; _______________________

Caw, caw, says the crow; _____________________

Quack, quack, says the duck; __________________

And moo, says the cow. ______________________

Articulatory and Physiological Classification
of English Consonants

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a consonant sound?

2. How do the consonant change on the articulatory level?

3. What are the two consonant classes according to the degree of noise?

4. What is the function of the vocal cords in the production of voiced and voiceless noise consonants?

5. How does the degree of noise vary according to the force of articulation?

6. What is a sonorant? State the difference between sonorants and noise consonants.

7. How does the position of the soft palate determine the quality
of a sonorant?

8. What are the four groups of consonants according to the manner
of articulation?

9. Which consonant sounds are called occlusive?

10. Why are plosives called “stops”?

11. Which consonant sounds are called constrictive?

12. How else are constrictive noise consonants called and why?

13. How do the fricatives vary in the work of the vocal cords and
in the degree of force of articulation?

14. How are the constrictive sonorants made?

15. Which consonant sounds are occlusive-constrictive?

16. Enumerate the consonant groups according to the place of articulation.

17. How are the forelingual consonants classified according to the work
of the tip of the tongue?

18. How do the forelingual consonants differ according to the place
of obstruction?

2. Give the definition of the terms:

Consonant sound, noise consonant, sonorant, nasal sonorant, oral sonorant, lenis consonant, fortis consonant, voiceless consonant, voiced consonant, plosives, fricatives, affricates, labial consonants, forelingual consonants, palatals, velar consonants, glottal consonant.

3. Explain the articulation of /p, t, k/ and /b, d, g/ from the viewpoint
of the work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation.

4. Explain the articulation of /m, n, ŋ/ from the point of view of the position of the soft palate.

5. Define the consonant phonemes /s, z/. State the articulatory difference between these two sounds.

6. What consonants are characterized as:

a) lenis, interdental;

b) fortis, labio-dental, fricative;

c) velar, nasal;

d) palatal, sonorant;

e) voiced, palato-alveolar, affricate;

f) aspirated, alveolar, plosive.

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