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The Tongue and Lip Positions of the American English Vowels
Ш Hi N N 213- RP. When preceded by /t, d, 9, J7, /r/ is pronounced with an audible friction. GA /r/ is pronounced not only initially but also before a consonant and in the word final position, e. g. /farm, berd. sistsV. American scientists consider that /я, зг/ and /э, з7 are tense and lax allophones of /r/ phoneme in /faöar/, /тзгтэту, /fia7- There are two allophones of /1/ phoneme in GA: dark and light, but most of the GA speakers use the dark III in all positions: initially,.medially and finally. Clear or light allophone of IM is commonly used in the South Atlantic regions of the USA. The dark/1/is pronounced when the major portion of the tongue is raised to the velar part of the mouth cavity. /t/ This phoneme is highly variable in AE. (1) A voiced variety of /t/ is used in a) intervocalic position before /t/ is not voiced initially or terminally, or when it precedes syllabic /n/ as in button. (2) An unconsciously inserted /t/, or /d/ ("excrescent" /t, d/) is (3) In careless or indistinct speech /t/ and /d/ may be lost a) as in (4) /1/ is dropped and a glottal plosive is inserted, when it is The Glottal Stop /?/ f i It results from the compression^and sudden release of air at the glottis. It is produced when the compressed air is pushed through the separating vocal bands. This sound is known as laryngeal stop, it is voiceless and unaspirated. It is used by GA speakers before initially stressed vowels (sometimes between vowels) when the second vowel begins a stressed syllable, and as a transition sound from a final to an initial vowel as in triumphant, a^orta, Indiafoffice,?/ did.1 1 Used frequently, it interrupts phrasing and distorts the rhythm of speech, г or. these reasons, it is usually counseled against. /м/ and /hw/ Either of these symbols represent the pronunciation of words spelt with the initial wh as in where, when, etc, [hwl is an aspirated on-glide to the /w/ sound. /W is a voiceless, fricative, labiovelar or a voiceless /w/. Either of them is the norm, but /hw/ is the predominant lorau The glottal, fricative or whispered GA /h/ is similar to the RP /h/. However the GA /h/ is frequently voiced in intervocalic position as in perhaps [f[]. /h/ is lost when used initially in unstressed or weak forms within a phrase, as in: has — Where has he gone? have — I have gone to the store, had — He had twenty of them, his — I saw his car. he — Did you see how he ran? /h/ has an independent phonetic value used initially before stressed syllables as in: he — He gave John the bag. whose — Whose book is this? whole — The whole group came. /h/ is omitted in a stressed word in: Come herel f'/w> h r/ are called, "glides" because the initial area of their formation is closely, associated with a Vowel: /w/ begins at or near [v, ul; /r/—near fcr, ar]; /j/^-at or near [i, i\ position, the glides appear only prevocally. /j/ is the Hngua-palatal glide which in GA has^severalj modifications: (1) The [ju] variants are pronounced in words like tune, duty, (2) A slightly fronted [u] may be heard in all other instances (3) After fa J1, tj\ d3/ or a consonant + /l/> [u], fronted [uj or (4) In huge, human type of words /h + j/ combination is pro (6) Itj], [djl + [uj are assimilated in GA into '[tf] and [dg] as in tune [tfunl, due [dsub education dkjj 1 The /hw/ is usual in Scotland, Ireland and in the North of England, is more usual in Southern^England. 215- This sound is vocalized in final unstressed syllables ending in -ion, -ia.as in version!W$n/, Asia /eiga/. /J7 is not vocalized in depressipn, aspersion. Nasals /m, n, g/ A common characteristic of GA is the so-called "American twang", which is the nasalizing of a vowel before a nasal consonant which results from the lowering of the soft palate,_while the vowel is being spoken as in candy [.kädi], manner [тагпэг], man [msen], fine [famj. In, m/ may be omitted followed by /f, v/ as in some vines [sAvamz], come further [kÄf3röar], one fine day [ш. fai dei]. Sometimes syllabic (g] is substituted for }$] or [эп1 as in taken [teikg], sicken [sikn], chicken [tjikn]. GA speakers may pronounce [beikn] for bacon, [ai kg gau] for / can go, [baeg g bsegidg] for bag and baggage, [brsukn glaes] for broken, glass, [азаекд keit] for Jack and Kaie. "English Pronouncing Dictionary" by D. Jones notes that in the words listed below Americans use /n/, while RP speakers use both /n/ and /n/:
concave congratulate encourage engrave incapable inchoate incognito nonconformist Principal Peculiarities of^GA Consonants 1. Voiceless, fricative, labiovelar /м/. 2. The GA /r/ is more sonorous than the RPJ/r/. It is retroflex 3. /1/—predominantly dark. 4. /t/—short, voiced, intermediate between /d/ and /t/ and a 5. Glottal stop /?/. 6. /h/—voiced in intervocalic position; lost initially in un 7. /ju/ may change into a) fronted [a] in tune, duty, b) 8. Я/—vocalized in version, Asia. 9. "Nasal twang" as in man. 216
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