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ʲвÑÏÅ 1 ñòðàíèöà





«Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң ìåòîäîëîãèÿñû» ïәí³í³ң ìàқñàòû – ñòóäåíòòåðäå æàíóàðëàðäûң ãåíä³ê æәíå æàñұøàëû èíæåíåðèÿñûíûң ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ òұðàëû, áèîòåõíîëîãèÿäà æàíóàðëàðäûң æàñұøàëàðûí қîëäàíó æîëäàðû æәíå әä³ñòåð³ òұðàëû á³ë³ì äàìûòó. Îñû êóðñòûң òàïñûðìàñû – áîëàøàқ ìàìàíäàðғà æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû ñàëàñûíäà ñàïàëû æәíå òåðåң á³ë³ì áåðó. Êóðñòû îқûï á³ò³ðãåí ñòóäåíòòåð ì³íäåòò³ òүðäå:

Á³ëó êåðåê: æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң æàëïûáèîëîãèÿëûқ íåã³çäåð³í, æàñұøàëû æәíå ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿäà өòê³ç³ëåò³í ýêñïåðèìåíòòåð òұðàëû, æàíóàðëàðäûң ñîìà æәíå æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíûң êëîíäàó æәíå ãåíåòèêàëûқ àóûñó ұñòàíûìäàðûí. Ñòóäåíòòåð ìåäèöèíàäà æәíå ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà ғûëûìè æәíå òәæ³ðèáå ñàëàëàðûíäà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñòåð³í³ң қîëäàíóû òұðàëû á³ëó êåðåê.

Қîëäàðûíàí êåëó êåðåê: òåîðèÿëûқ á³ë³ìä³ ғûëûìè æәíå òәæ³ðèáå æұìûñòàðûíà қîëäàíó, æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң ýêñïåðèìåíòòåð³í á³ë³ìä³ æîñïàðëàó.

Èå áîëó êåðåê: íåã³çã³ æàíóàðëû îáúåêò³ëåðìåí – òûøқàí, үé қîÿí, қîé – òәæ³ðèáåäå æұìûñ ³ñòåó әä³ñòåð³íå; ìèêðîñêîï құðàëäàðûíà (құðàìû әð òүðë³ ìèêðîñêîïòàð, ìèêðîìàíèïóëÿòîðëàð, ìèêðîèíúåêòîðëàð); çåðòõàíàëûқ құðàë æàáäûқòàðûíà (òåðìîñòàòòàð, öåíòðèôóãàëàð, àíàëèçàòîðëàð æәíå àðíàóëû құðàëäàð), æәíå òàғûíäà õèðóðãèÿëûқ құðàëäàðғà.

Îқó үä³ð³ñ³íäå êåñòå ìàòåðèàëäàðû, ïëàêàòòàð æәíå өòê³ç³ëåò³í ñàáàқòûң òàқûðûáûíà ñәéêåñ êåëåò³í ìàòåðèàëäàð қîëäàíûëàäû.

«Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң ìåòîäîëîãèÿñû» ïәí³ìåí òàíûñқàíäà íåã³ç³íäå êåëåñ³ æàëïû á³ë³ì áåðó ïәíäåðäåí òүñ³í³êòåìå áîëó êåðåê: áèîõèìèÿ, æàëïû æәíå ìîëåêóëÿðëû ãåíåòèêà, àäàì æәíå æàíóàðëàð ôèçèîëîãèÿñû, æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ.



 

¹1 Äәð³ñ

 

Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң çàìàíàóè әä³ñòåð³ æәíå äàìó ïåðñïåêòèâàëàðû

Ìàçìұí: Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ: æàңà òóó æәíå äàìó. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң ìàқñàòòàðû, îáúåêòòåð³. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң áàñқà ғûëûìäàðìåí áàéëàíûñû. Æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðû. Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû Қàçàқñòàíäà. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ òүðëåð³. Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң áàғûòòàðû. Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң әä³ñòåð³.

 

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ: æàңà òóó æәíå äàìó

«Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ» äåãåí òүñ³í³êòåìå á³ð³íø³ ðåò 1917 æûëû øîøқà åò³í өíäåó үä³ð³ñêå òîëûқ ì³íåçäåìå áåðãåí Âåíãðèÿ èíæåíåð³ Êàðë Ýðåêèìåí қîëäàíûëғàí. Ê.Ýðåêè ñөç³ áîéûíøà: «Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ – îë ò³ð³ æàíäàðäûң êөìåã³ìåí өòê³ç³ëåò³í æұìûñòàð.»

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ äàìóûí қàðàñòûðғàíäà êåëåñ³ çàңäûëûқòû áàéқàï өòóãå áîëàäû: ÕÕ-øû ғàñûðäûң 60-øû æûëäàðûíà äåé³í êөá³íåñå êөáåþ ñàëàñûíäà çåðòòåóëåð өòê³ç³ëãåí(æàñàíäû ұðûқòàíäûðó, ñóïåðîâóëÿöèÿ, ұðûқòàðäû қàéòà îòûðòó). 60-øû æûëäàðäûң ñîңûíäà æәíå 70-ø³ æûëäàðäûң áàñûíäà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ өç çåðòòåóëåð³í æàñұøàëàðäûң òåõíîëîãèÿëàðûíûң ñàëàñûíäà қàäàғàëàï өòê³çåä³. Îëàð êåëåñ³ çåðòòåóëåð: ýêñòðàêîðïîðàëäûқ ұðûқòàíäûðó, өñ³ðó, ãàìåòàëàðìåí æàñұøàëàðäû òөìåí òåìïåðàòóðàëàðäà ұçàқ óàқûò ñàқòàó. Àë 1973 æûëäàí áàñòàï áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ ìîëåêóëÿðëûқ çåðòòåìåëåðãå қàòûñàäû.

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ ñàëàñûíûң ìàқñàòû – êîììåðöèÿëûқ өí³ìä³ äàìûòó. Ñîíäûқòàí áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң íåã³ç³íäå ýêîíîìèêà æàòûð. Ýêîíîìèêà æàғäàéëàðû æîғàðû ìåìëåêåòòåðäå áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ äàìóûäà өòå æàқñû äåңãåéäå. Îëàð êåëåñ³ ìåìëåêåòòåð: Àìåðèêà Құðàìû Øòàòòàð, Ұëû Áðèòàíèÿ, Ãåðìàíèÿ, Ôðàíöèÿ, Íèäåðëàíäû, Æàïîíèÿ. Æàëïû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ өí³ìäåðä³ң 50 ïàéûçû Àìåðèêàëûқ Құðàìû Øòàòòàðûíà, 20 ïàéûçû Åâðîïàғà, 11 ïàéûçû Æàïîíèÿғà, 9 ïàéûçû қàëғàí ìåìëåêåòòåðãå êåëåä³. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ àäàìçàòқà êåëåñ³ ïàéäàëû æàғäàéëàðäû òұäûðàäû:

- èíôåêöèÿëûқ, íәñ³ëä³ê àóðóëàðäû àíûқòàï, åìäåï, êåëåøåêòå áîëäûðìàó;

- àíòèáèîòèêòåðä³, ïîëèìåðëåðä³, àìèíқûøқûëäàðäû, ôåðìåíòòåðä³ æәíå áàñқà òàғàìäûқ қîñïàëàðäû өңäåéò³í ìèêðîàғçàëàðäû äàìûòó;

- ïàðàçèòò³ê, âèðóñò³ê àóðóëàðғà òөç³ìä³ өñ³ìä³êòåðä³ң òүðëåð³í øûғàðó;

- òåç өñ³ï æåòåò³í, àóðóëàðғà қàðñû òұðà àëàòûí ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ æîғàðû æàíóàðëàðäûң êөìåã³ìåí àñûë òұқûìäûқ ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòû äàìûòó;

- қîðøàғàí îðòàíû ê³ðëåòåò³í ñåáåïòåðäåí áîñàòó.

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ: òàðèõè ìәë³ìåò

Ìåçã³ë Îқèғà
Âîëòåð Õèï á³ð³íø³ ðåò қîÿííûң ұðûғûí äîíîðäàí ðåöèïèåíòêå òðàíñïëàíòòàéäû
Êàðë Ýðåêè «áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ» òүñ³í³êòåìåñ³í ê³ðã³çåä³
«Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ æәíå áèîèíæåíåðèÿ» æóðíàëûíûң øûғóû
Í.Áàóýð æәíå Ñ.Êîõàí ðåêîìáèíàíòòûқ ÄÍҚ áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûí òұäûðàäû
Êîõëåð æәíå Ìèëñòåéí ìîíîêëîíàëäû àíòèäåíåëåðä³ àëó æîëûìåí òàíûñòûðàäû
«Genentech» êîìïàíèÿñû àäàì èíñóëèí³í ³ø òàÿқøàíûң êөìåã³ìåí àëàäû
Àìåðèêàíäûқ Æîғàðû ñîò «Diamond*Chakrabarty» êîìïàíèÿñûíûң ìèêðîàғçàëàðìåí ãåíåòèêàëûқ æұìûñòàðäû өòê³çó құқûғûíûң ïàòåíò³í àøàäû
Á³ð³íø³ êîììåðöèÿëûқ ÄÍҚ-ñèíòåçàòîðëàð àøûëғàí
Ðåêîìáèíàíòòûқ ÄÍҚ êөìåã³ìåí àëûíғàí æàíóàðëàðғà àðíàëғàí âàêöèíà Åâðîïàäà ïàéäàëàíà áàñòàëäû
Ïîëèìåðàçäû-øûíæûðëû ðåàêöèÿìåí қîëäàíûï çåðòòåóëåð өòê³ç³ëå áàñòàëäû
Àäàìíûң ñîìà æàñұøàëàðûíà àðíàëғàí ãåíåòèêà òåðàïèÿñûíûң әä³ñòåð³ Àìåðèêà құðàìà øòàòòàðûíäà æұìûñ ³ñòåé áàñòàäû
«Àäàì ãåíîìûíûң» æîáàñû æұìûñ áàñòàäû
1997 îñû êүíãå äåé³í Ñүòïåí қîðåêòåíåò³íäåðä³ң ÿäðîëàðûí êëîíäàó

 

 

Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòàғû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң ìàқñàòòàðû, îáúåêòòåð³. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң áàñқà ғûëûìäàðìåí áàéëàíûñû

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ àғçàíûң áèîõèìèÿëûқ, ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ, қàéòà îðíûíà êåëó ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í çåðòòåï, îíûң íәñ³ëä³ê қîðëàðûìåí қîëäàíûï, áàðëûқ áèîëîãèÿëûқ áàғäàðëàìàëàðäû òүçåòóãå ìүìê³íä³ê áîëàòûí æîëäàðäû òàáóғà æàғäàéëàð òұäûðàäû.

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ çåðòòåóëåðä³ң îáúåêòòåð³ – ò³ð³ àғçàëàðäûң íåã³çã³ òîïòàðûíûң өê³ëäåð³. Îëàð âèðóñòåð, áàêòåðèÿëàð, өñ³ìä³êòåð æәíå æàíóàðëàð, îëàðäàí áөëåê æүðãåí ìîëåêóëàëàð, æàñұøàëàð æәíå æàñұøàëàðäûң құðàìäàðûíäàғû çàòòàð. Çåðòòåãåí óàқûòòà ò³ð³ æүéåëåðä³ң ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í, îëàðäûң қîðëàðûí қàðàñòûðàäû. Æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðëàðû êåëåñ³:

- ìîëåêóëÿðëûқ (ãåíí³ң құðàìû æәíå қàñèåòòåð³);

- ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ (ãàìåòàëàð áàíê³, òîòèïîòåíòò³ê);

- ñåëåêöèÿëûқ (òұқûì æàқñàðòó, æàңà òұқûì àëó).

Ñîíäûқòàí áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ îñû ò³ð³ æүéåëåðäå өòåò³í ôèçèêî-õèìèÿëûқ, áèîõèìèÿëûқ æәíå ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ үä³ð³ñòåðãå, ñîë êåçäå øûғàòûí қóàòқà, өí³ìäåðä³ң æàðàòûëóûíà æәíå äàғäàðëàíóûíà, ұéûìäàñòûðûëғàí құðûëûìäàðäûң қàëûïòàñóûíà ñүéåíåä³.

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ ғûëûì áîëûï өç³íå êåëåñ³ ғûëûìè ïәíäåðä³ ê³ðã³çåä³:

à) ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîëîãèÿ ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿìåí á³ð³ã³ï ìèêðîàғçàëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûí құðàäû;

á) ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîëîãèÿ, ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿ æәíå õèìèÿëûқ èíæåíåðèÿ á³ð³ã³ï ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ құðàäû;

â) æàñұøàëû áèîëîãèÿ ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîëîãèÿìåí æәíå ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿìåí á³ð³ã³ï æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ æàðàòàäû;

ã) æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ, æàíóàðëàðäûң êөáåþ áèîëîãèÿñû, àêóøåðñòâî æәíå õèðóðãèÿ – îñû ғûëûìäàð æàíóàðëàðäûң êөáåþ áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûí òұäûðûï îòûð;

ä) æàíóàðëàðäûң äàìó áèîëîãèÿñû, æàíóàðëàðäûң òұқûìäàðûí æàқñàðòó, ìàëäәð³ãåðë³ê æәíå æîғàðû àéòûëғàí ғûëûìäàðäûң áәð³ æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûí òұäûðàäû;

å) ìîëåêóëÿðëû æәíå æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ êөáåþ áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûìåí á³ð³ã³ï ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿ ғûëûìûíäà æàңà àғûì òұäûðàäû.

Àë áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң ғûëûì áîëûï òұғàíû – îë ìîëåêóëÿðëû, æàñұøàëû áèîëîãèÿíûң êөìåã³ìåí áîëғàí.

 

 

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң áàñқà ғûëûìäàðìåí áàéëàíûñû

Á È Î Ò Å Õ Í Î Ë Î Ã È ß
Ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîëîãèÿ Ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿ Ãåíåòèêà Æàñұøàëû Áèîòåõíîëî ãèÿ

Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң ïàéäàëàíó ñàëàëàðû:

1. Ìàë øàðóàøûëûқ.

2. Ìàë äәð³ãåðë³ê.

3. Àçûқ өí³ìäåó.

4. Ñåëåêöèÿëûқ îðòà.

5. Äèàãíîñòèêà. Äәð³ëåð, âàêöèíàëàð.

6. Àçûқòàð æәíå àçûқ қîñïàëàðû.

 

Æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðû

Ìàë øàðóàøûëûқòà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñòåð³í åңã³çóãå æàíóàðëàðäûң êåëåñ³ áèîëîãèÿëûқ åðåêøåë³êòåð³ æàғäàé áåðåä³:

1. Æàíóàðëàðäûң æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíûң (ãàìåòàëàðûíûң) áèîëîãèÿëûқ áàíê³. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ãàìåòàëàðûíûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ áàíê³ ұðғàøûëàðäûң æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíäà (ãîíàäàëàðäà) îðíàëàñқàí. Ãàìåòàëàðäûң ìîðôîãåíåòèêàëûқ ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ өòå æîғàðû. Ìûñàëû, òұғàí êåçäå ұðғàøû қîéëàðäûң æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíäà 700 ìûң ôîëëèêóëàëàð (ãîíàäàíûң æàñұøàëàðû) áîëàäû; æûíûñ æàñûíà êåëãåíäå 12000-86000 ұñàқ ôîëëèêóëàëàð æәíå 100-400 үëêåí ôîëëèêóëàëàð áîëàäû. Åðêåê æàíóàðëàðäûң æұìûðòқàëàðûíäà ñïåðìàòàçîèäòåðä³ң ñàíû îäàí äà êөï (280-450 òðèëëèîí). Îñûíäàé қîðäàí òàáèғè æûíûñó æàғäàéäà êөáåþãå қàòûñàòûí ãàìåòàëàðäûң (æұìûòқà æàñұøàëàðû æәíå ñïåðìàòàçîèäòåð) ñàíû á³ðäåí òóàòûíäàðғà 5-10, êөïòåí òóàòûíäàðғà 40-80 ïàðàëàð.

2. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ұðûқòàðûíûң èìïëàíòàöèÿғà (қàéòà îòûðòó) äåé³í äàìóû. Ұðûқòàíäûðûëғàííàí êåé³í ұðûқ ұðғàøû ìàëäûң æûíûñ ìүøåëåð³íäå áîñ æàғäàéäà áîëàäû. Ұðûқòàíäûðûëғàí æåðäåí åңã³ç³ëåò³í æåðãå äåé³í ұðûқ á³ð íåøå êүí æүðåä³: øîøқàëàðäà 2-3, қîéëàðäà 4-5, қîÿíäàðäà 5-7, ñèûðëàðäà 7-8 êүí. Îñû æàғäàéìåí қîëäàíûï æàíóàðëàðäûң ұðûқòàðûìåí әð òүðë³ æұìûñòàð өòê³çåä³.

3. Á³ðäåí òóàòûí æàíóàðëàðäà á³ð æұìûðòқàëû åã³çäåð òóó. Á³ð æұìûðòқàëû åã³çäåð êåëåñ³ æàғäàéäà òóàäû: èìïëàíòàöèÿ àëäûíäàғû êåçåңäå ұðûқòûң қàáûðøûғûíà á³ð çàқûì êåë³ï ұðûқ áөë³í³ï êåò³ï, åê³ íåìåñå á³ð íåøå ұðûқòàð æàðàòûëàäû. Îñûíäàé åã³çäåðä³ң íәñ³ëä³ê, áèîõèìèÿëûқ êөðñåòê³øòåð³ á³ðäåé, íåãå äåñåê îëàð á³ð ұðûқòàíäûðûëғàí æұìûðòқàëû æàñұøàäàí øûғàäû (òîòèïòòåíòò³ê æàғäàé). Îñûíäàé êөð³í³ñò³ң êөìåã³ìåí êөï æàñұøàëû àғçàëàðäàí áèîëîãèÿëûқ ұқñàñ àғçàëàðäû àëóғà áîëàòûí áîëäû. Îñû æàғäàé òұқûì ìàë øàðóàøûëûғûíà өòå ìàңûçäû.

4. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà òұқûì äәí³í òұäûðûï æåò³ëä³ðó. Àóûëøàðóàøûëûқ æàíóàðëàðäû ұñòàï êөáåéòêåíäå òұқûì äәí³í æәíå ïàéäàëàíàòûí үé³ðä³ àéûðàäû. Òұқûì äәí³íå æàòàòûí ìàëäà êåëåñ³ êөðñåòê³øòåð áîëó êåðåê: ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ ñàóëûқ, êөáåþãå æàðàìäûқ æîғàðû қàñèåò³, æîғàðû áàғàëû íәñ³ëä³ê қàñèåòòåð³ æәíå ñàïàëû ұðïàқ. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ çåðòòåóäå îñû æàíóàðëàð òîáûíà æàòàòûíäàð áåðóø³ëåð (äîíîðëàð) æәíå æàñàóøûëàð (ұðûқòàíäûðóøûëàð). Áåðóø³ – îë íәñ³ëä³ê áàғàëû ұðûқòàðäû áåðåò³í ұðғàøû; æàñàóøû – îë åðêåê ìàë. Ñîíäûқòàí, æàíóàðëàðäûң îñû äәðåæåñ³ үé³ðä³ң êөáåéòó æұìûñûíà өòå ìàңûçäû.

Ïàéäàëàíàòûí æàíóàðëàðäûң үé³ð³ – îë æàíóàðëàð, ãåíîòèïòåð³ àñà ìàңûçäû åìåñ, á³ðàқ ì³íäåòò³ òүðäå ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ ñàó, êөáåþãå æàðàìäû æàқñû қàñèåòòåð³ áàð. Îñû äәðåæåãå ðåöèïèåíòòåðä³ æàòқûçàäû. Ðåöèïèåíò – áөòåí ұðûқòû àëûï æүðåò³í ұðғàøû. Ïàéäàëàíàòûí æàíóàðëàðғà êүéëåãåí ұðғàøû ìàëäàðäû òàáàòûí åðêåê ìàëäàðäûäà æàòқûçàäû.

Æàëïû, àóûëøàðóàøûëûқ æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ åðåêøåë³êòåð³ìåí áåëã³ëåíåä³. Áèîëîãèÿëûқ қàñèåòòåð òåêò³ë³ê қîðëàðìåí ðåòòåëåä³.

Ñîíûìåí, æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðûí үø òîïқà áөëóãå áîëàäû:

à) ìîëåêóëÿðëûқ қîð – ãåí қàñèåòòåð³ìåí æәíå құðàìûìåí áåëã³ëåíåä³;

á) ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ қîð – ãàìåòà áàíê³ àðқûëû àøûëàäû, ұðûқòûң åңã³çóë³äåí áұðûí äàìóû (òîòèïîòåíòò³ê);

â) ñåëåêöèÿëûқ қîð – òұқûì ìàëøàðóàøûëûғûìåí áàéëàíûñòû, ұðûқòû æàқñàðòûï æàңà òұқûì æàñàóìåí áàéëàíûñòû

Æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðû

1. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîð

ÌÎËÅÊÓËßÐËÛҚ 1. Íóêëåèí қûøқûëû 2. Ðåïëèêàòòàó,òðàíñêðèïòåó,òðàíñëÿòòàó
ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈßËÛҚ 1. Êөáåþ(ðåïðîäóêòèâò³) àïïàðàòû 2. Ãîíàäàíûң ãîðìîíäàðû 3. Ýìáðèîíàëäûқ äàìó 4. Èìïëàíòàöèÿäàí áұðûí äàìó. Òîòèïîòåíòò³ê
ÑÅËÅÊÖÈßËÛҚ 1. Ұðûқ ìàëøàðóàøûëûғû 2. Ðåçèñòåíòò³ê, өí³ìä³ë³ê, қàéòà өíä³ð³ñ  

2. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ өí³ì

Ðèáîñîìàëäûқ ÄÍҚ Ðèáîñîìàëäûқ àқóûç Òðàíñãåíä³ê æàíóàðëàð Ұðûқòàð áàíê³ Êëîíäàëғàí æàíóàðëàð Ðåç³ñòåíòò³ã³ æәíå өí³ìä³ë³ã³ æîғàðû æàíóàðëàð Áàқòàëàñқà Æàðàìäû Ìàëøàðóàøûқ өí³ì³

 

Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû Қàçàқñòàíäà

Қàçàқñòàíäà æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң äàìóûíà Ìóõàìåäãàëèåâ Ô.Ì., Æàíàáåêîâ Ê.Æ., Àáèëüäèíîâ Ð.Á. үëåñ қîñқàí. Îëàð ұðûқòàðìåí æұìûñ ³ñòåãåíäå á³ð³íø³ ðåò ñóïåðîâóëÿöèÿ æәíå òðàíñïëàíòàöèÿ әä³ñòåð³ìåí қîëäàíûï îñûíûң àðқàñûíäà Қàçàқñòàíäà æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû äàìó æîëûíà òұðäû.

Êәç³ðã³ óàқûòòà Қàçàқñòàíäà á³ð òîï ìàìàíäàð æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíàí æұìûñòàð өòê³çå àëàäû. Îëàð Қàñûìîâ Ê.Ò., Òîéøèáåêîâ Ì.Ì., Ñàäûêóëîâ Ò.Ñ., Àóçáàåâ Ñ.À., Ìàëìàêîâ Í.È., Ñàëûқáàåâ Ò.Í., Äæàìàëîâà Ã.À. æәíå ò.á. Îñû ғàëûìäàð ғûëûìè æұìûñòàðûí òåê қàíà çåðòõàíàäà өòê³çáåé òәæ³ðèáåäå қîëäàíó ñұðàқòàðûí қàðàñòûðàäû. Ìûñàëû, 1997 æûëäàí áàñòàï Àëìàòû îáëûñû «Ìàäè» òұқûì øàðóàøûëûғûíäà äåãðåññ қîéëàðûí êөáåéòó ғûëûìè çåðòòåóëåð³ өòê³ç³ë³ï æàòûð.

 

Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ òүðëåð³

Àäàìíûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ æүéåãå әñåð åòó³íå áàéëàíûñòû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíû êåëåñ³ òүðëåðãå áөëåä³:

1. Ìîëåêóëÿðëû – íåã³ç³íäåðåêîìáèíàíòòûқ ÄÍҚ òåõíîëîãèÿñû æәíå ìèêðîàғçàëàð òåõíîëîãèÿñû.

2. Æàñұøàëû – íåã³ç³íäå ÿäðî æәíå æàñұøàíûң äåңãåé³íäåã³ æұìûñòàð.

 

Îñû әä³ñòåðä³ң ïàéäàëàíó ñàëàñûíà áàéëàíûñòû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ êåëåñ³ òүðëåðãå áөë³íåä³:

1. Ғàðûøòûқ.

2. Ýêîëîãèÿëûқ.

3. Ìåäèöèíàëûқ.

4. Àóûëøàðóàøûëûқ.

5. Өíåðêәñ³ïò³ê.

Àóûëøàðóàøûëûқ áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû өç àëäûíà өñ³ìä³êòåð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíà æәíå æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíà áөëåä³.

Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû – ìîëåêóëÿðëû æәíå æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñòåð³í³ң êөìåã³ìåí ãåíîòèïò³ ðåòòåéò³í, ðåçèñòåíòò³ã³ æîғàðû æәíå æîғàðûөí³ìä³ æàíóàðëàðäû àëó әä³ñòåðä³ çåðòòåéò³í ғûëûì

 

Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң áàғûòòàðû.

Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðëàð àøó үø³í ìîëåêóëÿðëû, æàñұøàëû, êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëàðûìåí қîëäàíàäû.

Æàíóàðëàðäû êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû – æàíóàðëàðäûң ðåïðîäóêòèâò³ê қîðëàðûíûң ãåíåòèêàëûқ ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í æàқñàðòó ìàқñàòûìåí қîëäàíûëàòûí әä³ñ. Êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíäà çåðòòåó ïәí³ – æàíóàðëàðäûң ðåïðîäóêòèâò³ê қàñèåò³ àë çåðòòåó îáúåêò³ – îëàð:

1) æàíóàðëàðäûң àғçàëàðûíûң ãîðìîíäàðû – ãèïîòàëàìóñ, ãèïîôèç, ãîíàäàëàð àðқûëû çåðòòåëåò³í;

2) êөáåþ ìүøåëåð³í³ң құðàìû æәíå ôèçèîëîãèÿñû.

Êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíäà êåëåñ³ әä³ñòåðä³ àéûðàäû:

1. Ñóïåðîâóëÿöèÿ – ôîëëèêóëäàðғà өñóãå æәíå äàìóғà ìүìê³íø³ë³ê áåðåò³í, ãîðìîíäàðäûң êөìåã³ìåí ұðғàøû-äîíîðëàðғà әñåð åòåò³í әä³ñ.

2. Æàñàíäû ұðûқòàíäûðó – æàíóàðëàðäûң ãåíîòèïòåð³í æàқñàðòó үø³í àñûëòұқûìäû åðêåê ìàëäàðäûң ұðûқòàðûìåí қîëäàíûï ұðғàøûëàðғà ұðûқ ñåáó æұìûñòàðû.

Ãåíåòèêàíûң æәíå æàñàíäû ұðûқòàíäûðó òåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң æåò³ñò³êòåð³í³ң êөìåã³ìåí ìàëøûëàð æàíóàðëàðäû æåò³ëä³ðó үø³í қîëàéëû әä³ñòåð òàïòû, æîғàðû ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ áàð åðêåê æàíóàðëàðäû ³ð³êòåï àëó æàғäàéëàðû òóäû, áүê³ë ïîïóëÿöèÿëàðäûң ãåíåòèêàëûқ æàқñàðòó åêï³íäåð³ òåçäåò³ëä³.

3. Ұðûқòàðäû òðàíñïëàíòòàó – ұðғàøû-äîíîðäàí ұðғàøû-ðåöèïèåíòêå ұðûқ òàñó әä³ñ³. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà òðàíñïëàíòòàó ìàқñàòû – àñûëòұқûìäû ұðғàøû æàíóàðëàðäûң ãåíåòèêàëûқ қîðëàðûìåí қîëäàíó.

Ұðûқòàðäû òðàíñïëàíòòàó әä³ñò³ң êөìåã³ìåí ұðғàøûëàðäûң êөáåþ ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ êåңåéä³, íåãå äåñåê, îëàðäûң àíà áåçäåð³íäå àíàëûқ æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíûң қîðû ìîë áîëàäû. Îñû ãåíåòèêàëûқ қîðäû òîëûғûíàí қîëäàíó үø³í êåëåñ³ çåðòòåóëåð өòê³ç³ëãåí: àñûëòұқûìäû àíàëàðäûң ұðûқòàðûí àëûï òөìåí ãåíåòèêàëûқ áàғàëû , êөáåþ үä³ð³ñ³íå æàðàìäû àíàëàðäûң æàòûðëàðûíà òðàíñïëàíòòàó.

Îñû òåõíîëîãèÿ æұìûñ ³ñòåãåíäå:

à) á³ð àñûëòұқûìäû àíàäàí àëûíғàí ұðïàқòàðäûң ñàíû êөáåéåä³;

á) àғçàëàðäû ãàìåòà æәíå ұðûқòàð òүð³íäå àïàðûï æåòê³çóãå æәíå êөï óàқûò ñàқòàóғà áîëàäû;

â) ãàìåòàëàðäû æәíå ұðûқòàðäû ³ð³êòåï àëûï êåðåê æûíûñòû æәíå êåðåê ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ-áèîõèìèÿëûқ қàñèåòòåð³ áàð ұðïàқòàðäû àëàäû.

Îñû àéòûëғàí òåõíîëîãèÿëàðäû åңã³çó үø³í, àқûðғû ìàқñàòû ұðûқòàðäû òðàíñïëàíòòàó áîëàòûí æұìûñòàðäûң êåøåí³ìåí қîëäàíó êåðåê.

Êөáåéòó òåõíîëîãèÿñû êåëåñ³ êåçåңäåðäåí òұðàäû: äîíîðëàðäû, æàñàóøûëàðäû, ðåöèïèåíòòåðä³ ³ð³êòåï àëó, äîíîðëàðғà ñóïåðîâóëÿöèÿ өòê³çó, äîíîðëàðäû ұðûқòàíäûðó, ұðûқòàðäû øûғàðûï àëó, àëûï øûғàðғàí ұðûқòàðäûң қàñèåòòåð³í áàғàëàó, ұðûқòàðäû ðåöèïèåíòòåðä³ң ìүøåëåð³íå åңã³çó.

Êәç³ðã³ óàқûòòà êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû ìîëåêóëÿðëû æәíå æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëàðäûң әä³ñòåð³ìåí òûғûç áàéëàíûñàäû.

Æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ – òүðë³ æàñұøàëû æұìûñòàð өòê³çó àðқûëû áàғàëû áèîëîãèÿëûқ қàñèåòòåð³ áàð àғçàëàðäû àëóäû çåðòòåéò³í ïәí. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà çåðòòåó îáúåêò³ – æàíóàðëàðäûң ðåïðîäóêòèâò³ê æàñұøàëàðû. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ өç³íå á³ð á³ð³í òîëûқòûðàòûí åê³ ғûëûìè áàғûòê³ðã³çåä³:

1.Ұðûқ өñ³ðó çåðòòåóëåð (ұðûқ äàқûëû) – ãàìåòàëàðìåí ұðûқòàðғà өì³ð ñүðóãå æәíå äàìóғà æàғäàé òұäûðàòûí.

Ұðûқ өñ³ðó çåðòòåóëåðä³ң íåã³çã³ òàïñûðìàëàðû:

à) ãàìåòàëàðäûң æәíå ұðûқòàðäûң ñåëåêöèÿñû;

á) ãàìåòàëàðäû æәíå ұðûқòàðäû өñ³ðó;

â) ãàìåòàëàðäû ýêñòðàêîðïîðàëäû ұðûқòàíäûðó;

ã) ãàìåòàëàðäûң æәíå ұðûқòàðäûң áàíê³í àøó;

ä) қîðåêò³ê îðòàëàðäû æàñàï қàñèåòòåð³í æàқñàðòó.

2. Æàñұøàëû òåõíîëîãèÿëàð – æàíóàðëàðäûң ãåíîòèïòåð³í æàқñàðòó үø³í æàñұøàëàðäûң æәíå ÿäðîëàðäûң äåңãåé³íäå æүðã³çåò³í æұìûñòàð.

Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà æàñұøàëû òåõíîëîãèÿëàðäûң æұìûñòàðû êåëåñ³:

à) ñîìàòèêàëûқ ãèáðèäèçàöèÿ;

á) êëîíäàó;

â) õèìåðàëûқ æàíóàðëàðäû àëó.

Ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ – æàíóàðäûң àғçàñûíäà ìîëåêóëÿðëû äåңãåéäå æàңà ãåíåòèêàëûқ áàғäàðëàìàíû àëó ìàқñàòûí çåðòòåéò³í ғûëûì. Çåðòòåó îáúåêò³ íóêëåèí қûøқûëû áîëàäû (ÄÍҚ æәíå ÐÍҚ ìîëåêóëàëàðû). Ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ êåëåñ³ åê³ áөë³ìäåðäåí òұðàäû:

1. Ãåíåòèêàëûқ èíæåíåðèÿ – òåê қàíà ãåíäåðä³ çåðòòåéä³. Ãåíåòèêàëûқ èíæåíåðèÿíûң òàïñûðìàëàðû:

à) ãåíäåðä³ ñèíòåçäåó æәíå îëàðäû æàңàðòó;

á) ðåêîìáèíàíòòûқ ìîëåêóëàëàðäû құðàñòûðó æәíå êëîíäàó;

â) ãåíäåðä³ң áàíê³í æàñàó.

 

2. Ãåíåòèêàëûқ өçãåðó – ãåíäåðä³ òàñó үä³ð³ñ³. Íåã³çã³ òàïñûðìàëàð:

à) ãåíä³ ðåöèïèåíòêå ê³ðã³çó;

á) өçãåðãåí ãåíäåðä³ ³ð³êòåï ñèíòåçäåó;

â) ãåíäåðä³ åңã³çó;

ã) òðàíñãåíä³ê æàíóàðëàðäû æәíå æîғàðûáàғàëû çàòòàðäû àëó.

 

Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң әä³ñòåð³

Ғàëûìäàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñòåð³í³ң êөìåã³ìåí ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà æàíóàðëàðìåí әð òүðë³ ýêñïåðèìåíòòåðä³ өòê³çåä³. Îñûíäàé æұìûñòûң ìàқñàòû – æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ áàғäàðëàìàñûí өçãåðòó. Îñû æұìûñ ұðûқ äàìó îðíûíà ò³ðêåëìåé òұðғàíäà өòê³ç³ëåä³. Ұðûқòû àëûï, «áèîòүçåòó» өòê³ç³ï, ñîíû äàìûòó үø³í ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ àíàíûң ðåïðîäóêöèÿ ìүøåëåð³íå åңã³çåä³.

Îñûíäàé æàғäàéäà ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ, æàñұøà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû æәíå êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà æàңà ғûëûìè әä³ñòåðä³ æàðàòûï îòûð – ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿ, ұðûқ äàқûëû, ұðûқ òðàíñïëàíòàöèÿñû.

Ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿ – æàíóàðëàðäûң àғçàëàðûíàí ãåíåòèêàëûқ қîðûí òàóûï, àëûï, ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ìåí қîëäàíó әä³ñ.

Ұðûқ äàқûëû – æàíóàðëàðäûң ãàìåòàëàðûíûң æәíå ұðûқòàðûíûң ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ қîðëàðûíûң ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í ³çäåï òàáàòûí, îëàðäûң өì³ð ñүðó үä³ð³ñòåð³í àғçàíûң ³ø³íäå æәíå àғçàäàí áөëåê ñàқòàéòûí ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòàғû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ әä³ñ.

Ұðûқ òðàíñïëàíòòàó – æàíóàðëàðäûң ðåïðîäóêòèâò³ê æүéåñ³í³ң ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ қîðûí ³çäåï, îíûң ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í àíûқòàï, áàғàëû ãåíîòèïòåðä³ òåçäåò³ï êөáåéòó үø³í ұðûқòàðäû òðàíñïëàíòòàó әä³ñ³ìåí қîëäàíàòûí ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòàғû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñ³.

Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿñû, ұðûқ äàқûëû, ұðûқ òðàíñïëàíòòàó êåøåí æàðàòûï, æàíóàðëàðäûң ñåëåêöèÿëûқ, íåìåñå, ãåíåòèêàëûқ қîðëàðûí àøàäû.

 

 

¹2 Äәð³ñ

Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң æàëïû áèîëîãèÿëûқ íåã³çäåð³..

Ìàçìұí: Æàñұøà – ò³ð³ àғçàíûң íåã³ç³. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ñîìà æàñұøàëàðûíûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ ìәí³. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ұðғàøûëàðûíûң ðåïðîäóêöèÿëûқ æүéåñ³.Ұðғàøûëàðäûң æûíûñ æүéåñ³í³ң ôèçèîëîãèÿñû. Ôîëëèêóëîãåíåç æәí îâóëÿöèÿ.

 

Æàñұøà – ò³ð³ àғçàíûң íåã³ç³. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ñîìà æàñұøàëàðûíûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ ìәí³

Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà ұðûқ äàқûëäàðäûң çåðòòåóëåð³í³ң íåã³ç³íäå æàñұøàëû òåîðèÿ æàòûð. Îíûң íåã³çã³ æàғäàéëàðû:

à) æàñұøà – ò³ð³ ìàòåðèÿíûң íåã³ç³;

á) әð òүðë³ ұëïàëàðäûң, àғçàëàðäûң æàñұøàëàðûíûң құðàìû ұқñàñ;

â) æàñұøàëàðäûң êөáåþ³ àëғàøқû æàñұøàíûң áөë³íó³íåí áàñòàëàäû;

ã) æàñұøà – æàëïû àғçàíûң á³ð áөëåã³. Îíûң á³ð áåëã³ë³ құðàìû æәíå àòқàðàòûí æұìûñû áîëàäû;

ä) á³ð àғçàíûң æàñұøàëàðû ұëïàëàðäûң, ìүøåëåðä³ң æүéåëåð³íå ê³ð³ï á³ð á³ð³ìåí òûғûç áàéëàíûñàäû.

Îðãàíèêàëûқ әëåìäå өì³ð ұéûìäàñóäûң åê³ òүð³ áîëàäû: æàñұøàäàí áұðûí (âèðóñòåð) æәíå æàñұøàëû (ïðîêàðèîòòàð, ýóêàðèîòòàð).

Ýóêàðèîòòàðäûң ïðîêàðèîòòàðäàí àéûðìàøûëûғû – ýóêàðèîòòàðäûң æàñұøàëàðûíäà ÿäðî áàð, ïðîêàðèîòòàðäà æîқ. Ýóêàðèîòòàðäûң öèòîïëàçìàëàðûíäà әäåéëåíãåí, á³ð áåëã³ëåíãåí æұìûñòàðäû àòқàðàòûí îðãàíåëëàëàð áàð. Ýóêàðèîòòûқ æàñұøàëàð ïðîêàðèîòòûқ æàñұøàëàðäàí үëêåí.

Ìîðôîëîãèÿëûқ àéûðìàøûëûқòàí áàñқà ïðîêàðèîòòàðäà æәíå ýóêàðèîòòàðäà ұқñàñ қàñèåòòåð áàð: æàñұøàíûң ñûðòûíà æәíå ³ø³íå çàòòàðäû æåòê³çåò³í ïëàçìà áîëó; àқóûçäûң ñèíòåç³ ðèáîñîìàäà өòåä³; ÐÍҚ ñèíòåç³ æәíå ÄÍҚ ðåïëèêàöèÿñû; áèîýíåðãåòèêàëûқ үä³ð³ñòåð. Ñîíûìåí: æàñұøà – қàáûðøûқïåí қîðøàëғàí, ðåòòåëãåí, áèîïîëèìåðëåðä³ң (àқóûçäàð, íóêëåèíқûøқûëäàð, ëèïèäòåð, êөì³ðñóëàð æәíå ò.á.) æүéåëåð³, çàò àëìàñó, ýíåðãåòèêàëûқ үä³ð³ñòåðãå қàòûñàòûí, æàëïû áàðëûқ æүéåëåðä³ң æұìûñòàðûíà êөìåêòåñåò³í.





Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ: 2015-08-31; Ïðîñìîòðîâ: 5517; Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ?; Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû!


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