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ʲвÑÏÅ 1 ñòðàíèöà
«Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң ìåòîäîëîãèÿñû» ïәí³í³ң ìàқñàòû – ñòóäåíòòåðäå æàíóàðëàðäûң ãåíä³ê æәíå æàñұøàëû èíæåíåðèÿñûíûң ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ òұðàëû, áèîòåõíîëîãèÿäà æàíóàðëàðäûң æàñұøàëàðûí қîëäàíó æîëäàðû æәíå әä³ñòåð³ òұðàëû á³ë³ì äàìûòó. Îñû êóðñòûң òàïñûðìàñû – áîëàøàқ ìàìàíäàðғà æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû ñàëàñûíäà ñàïàëû æәíå òåðåң á³ë³ì áåðó. Êóðñòû îқûï á³ò³ðãåí ñòóäåíòòåð ì³íäåòò³ òүðäå: Á³ëó êåðåê: æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң æàëïûáèîëîãèÿëûқ íåã³çäåð³í, æàñұøàëû æәíå ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿäà өòê³ç³ëåò³í ýêñïåðèìåíòòåð òұðàëû, æàíóàðëàðäûң ñîìà æәíå æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíûң êëîíäàó æәíå ãåíåòèêàëûқ àóûñó ұñòàíûìäàðûí. Ñòóäåíòòåð ìåäèöèíàäà æәíå ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà ғûëûìè æәíå òәæ³ðèáå ñàëàëàðûíäà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñòåð³í³ң қîëäàíóû òұðàëû á³ëó êåðåê. Қîëäàðûíàí êåëó êåðåê: òåîðèÿëûқ á³ë³ìä³ ғûëûìè æәíå òәæ³ðèáå æұìûñòàðûíà қîëäàíó, æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң ýêñïåðèìåíòòåð³í á³ë³ìä³ æîñïàðëàó. Èå áîëó êåðåê: íåã³çã³ æàíóàðëû îáúåêò³ëåðìåí – òûøқàí, үé қîÿí, қîé – òәæ³ðèáåäå æұìûñ ³ñòåó әä³ñòåð³íå; ìèêðîñêîï құðàëäàðûíà (құðàìû әð òүðë³ ìèêðîñêîïòàð, ìèêðîìàíèïóëÿòîðëàð, ìèêðîèíúåêòîðëàð); çåðòõàíàëûқ құðàë æàáäûқòàðûíà (òåðìîñòàòòàð, öåíòðèôóãàëàð, àíàëèçàòîðëàð æәíå àðíàóëû құðàëäàð), æәíå òàғûíäà õèðóðãèÿëûқ құðàëäàðғà. Îқó үä³ð³ñ³íäå êåñòå ìàòåðèàëäàðû, ïëàêàòòàð æәíå өòê³ç³ëåò³í ñàáàқòûң òàқûðûáûíà ñәéêåñ êåëåò³í ìàòåðèàëäàð қîëäàíûëàäû. «Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң ìåòîäîëîãèÿñû» ïәí³ìåí òàíûñқàíäà íåã³ç³íäå êåëåñ³ æàëïû á³ë³ì áåðó ïәíäåðäåí òүñ³í³êòåìå áîëó êåðåê: áèîõèìèÿ, æàëïû æәíå ìîëåêóëÿðëû ãåíåòèêà, àäàì æәíå æàíóàðëàð ôèçèîëîãèÿñû, æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ.
¹1 Äәð³ñ
Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң çàìàíàóè әä³ñòåð³ æәíå äàìó ïåðñïåêòèâàëàðû Ìàçìұí: Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ: æàңà òóó æәíå äàìó. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң ìàқñàòòàðû, îáúåêòòåð³. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң áàñқà ғûëûìäàðìåí áàéëàíûñû. Æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðû. Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû Қàçàқñòàíäà. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ òүðëåð³. Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң áàғûòòàðû. Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң әä³ñòåð³.
Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ: æàңà òóó æәíå äàìó «Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ» äåãåí òүñ³í³êòåìå á³ð³íø³ ðåò 1917 æûëû øîøқà åò³í өíäåó үä³ð³ñêå òîëûқ ì³íåçäåìå áåðãåí Âåíãðèÿ èíæåíåð³ Êàðë Ýðåêèìåí қîëäàíûëғàí. Ê.Ýðåêè ñөç³ áîéûíøà: «Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ – îë ò³ð³ æàíäàðäûң êөìåã³ìåí өòê³ç³ëåò³í æұìûñòàð.» Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ äàìóûí қàðàñòûðғàíäà êåëåñ³ çàңäûëûқòû áàéқàï өòóãå áîëàäû: ÕÕ-øû ғàñûðäûң 60-øû æûëäàðûíà äåé³í êөá³íåñå êөáåþ ñàëàñûíäà çåðòòåóëåð өòê³ç³ëãåí(æàñàíäû ұðûқòàíäûðó, ñóïåðîâóëÿöèÿ, ұðûқòàðäû қàéòà îòûðòó). 60-øû æûëäàðäûң ñîңûíäà æәíå 70-ø³ æûëäàðäûң áàñûíäà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ өç çåðòòåóëåð³í æàñұøàëàðäûң òåõíîëîãèÿëàðûíûң ñàëàñûíäà қàäàғàëàï өòê³çåä³. Îëàð êåëåñ³ çåðòòåóëåð: ýêñòðàêîðïîðàëäûқ ұðûқòàíäûðó, өñ³ðó, ãàìåòàëàðìåí æàñұøàëàðäû òөìåí òåìïåðàòóðàëàðäà ұçàқ óàқûò ñàқòàó. Àë 1973 æûëäàí áàñòàï áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ ìîëåêóëÿðëûқ çåðòòåìåëåðãå қàòûñàäû. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ ñàëàñûíûң ìàқñàòû – êîììåðöèÿëûқ өí³ìä³ äàìûòó. Ñîíäûқòàí áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң íåã³ç³íäå ýêîíîìèêà æàòûð. Ýêîíîìèêà æàғäàéëàðû æîғàðû ìåìëåêåòòåðäå áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ äàìóûäà өòå æàқñû äåңãåéäå. Îëàð êåëåñ³ ìåìëåêåòòåð: Àìåðèêà Құðàìû Øòàòòàð, Ұëû Áðèòàíèÿ, Ãåðìàíèÿ, Ôðàíöèÿ, Íèäåðëàíäû, Æàïîíèÿ. Æàëïû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ өí³ìäåðä³ң 50 ïàéûçû Àìåðèêàëûқ Құðàìû Øòàòòàðûíà, 20 ïàéûçû Åâðîïàғà, 11 ïàéûçû Æàïîíèÿғà, 9 ïàéûçû қàëғàí ìåìëåêåòòåðãå êåëåä³. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ àäàìçàòқà êåëåñ³ ïàéäàëû æàғäàéëàðäû òұäûðàäû: - èíôåêöèÿëûқ, íәñ³ëä³ê àóðóëàðäû àíûқòàï, åìäåï, êåëåøåêòå áîëäûðìàó; - àíòèáèîòèêòåðä³, ïîëèìåðëåðä³, àìèíқûøқûëäàðäû, ôåðìåíòòåðä³ æәíå áàñқà òàғàìäûқ қîñïàëàðäû өңäåéò³í ìèêðîàғçàëàðäû äàìûòó; - ïàðàçèòò³ê, âèðóñò³ê àóðóëàðғà òөç³ìä³ өñ³ìä³êòåðä³ң òүðëåð³í øûғàðó; - òåç өñ³ï æåòåò³í, àóðóëàðғà қàðñû òұðà àëàòûí ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ æîғàðû æàíóàðëàðäûң êөìåã³ìåí àñûë òұқûìäûқ ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòû äàìûòó; - қîðøàғàí îðòàíû ê³ðëåòåò³í ñåáåïòåðäåí áîñàòó. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ: òàðèõè ìәë³ìåò
Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòàғû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң ìàқñàòòàðû, îáúåêòòåð³. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң áàñқà ғûëûìäàðìåí áàéëàíûñû Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ àғçàíûң áèîõèìèÿëûқ, ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ, қàéòà îðíûíà êåëó ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í çåðòòåï, îíûң íәñ³ëä³ê қîðëàðûìåí қîëäàíûï, áàðëûқ áèîëîãèÿëûқ áàғäàðëàìàëàðäû òүçåòóãå ìүìê³íä³ê áîëàòûí æîëäàðäû òàáóғà æàғäàéëàð òұäûðàäû. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ çåðòòåóëåðä³ң îáúåêòòåð³ – ò³ð³ àғçàëàðäûң íåã³çã³ òîïòàðûíûң өê³ëäåð³. Îëàð âèðóñòåð, áàêòåðèÿëàð, өñ³ìä³êòåð æәíå æàíóàðëàð, îëàðäàí áөëåê æүðãåí ìîëåêóëàëàð, æàñұøàëàð æәíå æàñұøàëàðäûң құðàìäàðûíäàғû çàòòàð. Çåðòòåãåí óàқûòòà ò³ð³ æүéåëåðä³ң ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í, îëàðäûң қîðëàðûí қàðàñòûðàäû. Æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðëàðû êåëåñ³: - ìîëåêóëÿðëûқ (ãåíí³ң құðàìû æәíå қàñèåòòåð³); - ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ (ãàìåòàëàð áàíê³, òîòèïîòåíòò³ê); - ñåëåêöèÿëûқ (òұқûì æàқñàðòó, æàңà òұқûì àëó). Ñîíäûқòàí áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ îñû ò³ð³ æүéåëåðäå өòåò³í ôèçèêî-õèìèÿëûқ, áèîõèìèÿëûқ æәíå ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ үä³ð³ñòåðãå, ñîë êåçäå øûғàòûí қóàòқà, өí³ìäåðä³ң æàðàòûëóûíà æәíå äàғäàðëàíóûíà, ұéûìäàñòûðûëғàí құðûëûìäàðäûң қàëûïòàñóûíà ñүéåíåä³. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ ғûëûì áîëûï өç³íå êåëåñ³ ғûëûìè ïәíäåðä³ ê³ðã³çåä³: à) ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîëîãèÿ ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿìåí á³ð³ã³ï ìèêðîàғçàëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûí құðàäû; á) ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîëîãèÿ, ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿ æәíå õèìèÿëûқ èíæåíåðèÿ á³ð³ã³ï ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ құðàäû; â) æàñұøàëû áèîëîãèÿ ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîëîãèÿìåí æәíå ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿìåí á³ð³ã³ï æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ æàðàòàäû; ã) æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ, æàíóàðëàðäûң êөáåþ áèîëîãèÿñû, àêóøåðñòâî æәíå õèðóðãèÿ – îñû ғûëûìäàð æàíóàðëàðäûң êөáåþ áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûí òұäûðûï îòûð; ä) æàíóàðëàðäûң äàìó áèîëîãèÿñû, æàíóàðëàðäûң òұқûìäàðûí æàқñàðòó, ìàëäәð³ãåðë³ê æәíå æîғàðû àéòûëғàí ғûëûìäàðäûң áәð³ æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûí òұäûðàäû; å) ìîëåêóëÿðëû æәíå æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ êөáåþ áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûìåí á³ð³ã³ï ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿ ғûëûìûíäà æàңà àғûì òұäûðàäû. Àë áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң ғûëûì áîëûï òұғàíû – îë ìîëåêóëÿðëû, æàñұøàëû áèîëîãèÿíûң êөìåã³ìåí áîëғàí.
Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíûң áàñқà ғûëûìäàðìåí áàéëàíûñû
Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң ïàéäàëàíó ñàëàëàðû: 1. Ìàë øàðóàøûëûқ. 2. Ìàë äәð³ãåðë³ê. 3. Àçûқ өí³ìäåó. 4. Ñåëåêöèÿëûқ îðòà. 5. Äèàãíîñòèêà. Äәð³ëåð, âàêöèíàëàð. 6. Àçûқòàð æәíå àçûқ қîñïàëàðû.
Æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðû Ìàë øàðóàøûëûқòà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñòåð³í åңã³çóãå æàíóàðëàðäûң êåëåñ³ áèîëîãèÿëûқ åðåêøåë³êòåð³ æàғäàé áåðåä³: 1. Æàíóàðëàðäûң æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíûң (ãàìåòàëàðûíûң) áèîëîãèÿëûқ áàíê³. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ãàìåòàëàðûíûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ áàíê³ ұðғàøûëàðäûң æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíäà (ãîíàäàëàðäà) îðíàëàñқàí. Ãàìåòàëàðäûң ìîðôîãåíåòèêàëûқ ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ өòå æîғàðû. Ìûñàëû, òұғàí êåçäå ұðғàøû қîéëàðäûң æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíäà 700 ìûң ôîëëèêóëàëàð (ãîíàäàíûң æàñұøàëàðû) áîëàäû; æûíûñ æàñûíà êåëãåíäå 12000-86000 ұñàқ ôîëëèêóëàëàð æәíå 100-400 үëêåí ôîëëèêóëàëàð áîëàäû. Åðêåê æàíóàðëàðäûң æұìûðòқàëàðûíäà ñïåðìàòàçîèäòåðä³ң ñàíû îäàí äà êөï (280-450 òðèëëèîí). Îñûíäàé қîðäàí òàáèғè æûíûñó æàғäàéäà êөáåþãå қàòûñàòûí ãàìåòàëàðäûң (æұìûòқà æàñұøàëàðû æәíå ñïåðìàòàçîèäòåð) ñàíû á³ðäåí òóàòûíäàðғà 5-10, êөïòåí òóàòûíäàðғà 40-80 ïàðàëàð. 2. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ұðûқòàðûíûң èìïëàíòàöèÿғà (қàéòà îòûðòó) äåé³í äàìóû. Ұðûқòàíäûðûëғàííàí êåé³í ұðûқ ұðғàøû ìàëäûң æûíûñ ìүøåëåð³íäå áîñ æàғäàéäà áîëàäû. Ұðûқòàíäûðûëғàí æåðäåí åңã³ç³ëåò³í æåðãå äåé³í ұðûқ á³ð íåøå êүí æүðåä³: øîøқàëàðäà 2-3, қîéëàðäà 4-5, қîÿíäàðäà 5-7, ñèûðëàðäà 7-8 êүí. Îñû æàғäàéìåí қîëäàíûï æàíóàðëàðäûң ұðûқòàðûìåí әð òүðë³ æұìûñòàð өòê³çåä³. 3. Á³ðäåí òóàòûí æàíóàðëàðäà á³ð æұìûðòқàëû åã³çäåð òóó. Á³ð æұìûðòқàëû åã³çäåð êåëåñ³ æàғäàéäà òóàäû: èìïëàíòàöèÿ àëäûíäàғû êåçåңäå ұðûқòûң қàáûðøûғûíà á³ð çàқûì êåë³ï ұðûқ áөë³í³ï êåò³ï, åê³ íåìåñå á³ð íåøå ұðûқòàð æàðàòûëàäû. Îñûíäàé åã³çäåðä³ң íәñ³ëä³ê, áèîõèìèÿëûқ êөðñåòê³øòåð³ á³ðäåé, íåãå äåñåê îëàð á³ð ұðûқòàíäûðûëғàí æұìûðòқàëû æàñұøàäàí øûғàäû (òîòèïòòåíòò³ê æàғäàé). Îñûíäàé êөð³í³ñò³ң êөìåã³ìåí êөï æàñұøàëû àғçàëàðäàí áèîëîãèÿëûқ ұқñàñ àғçàëàðäû àëóғà áîëàòûí áîëäû. Îñû æàғäàé òұқûì ìàë øàðóàøûëûғûíà өòå ìàңûçäû. 4. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà òұқûì äәí³í òұäûðûï æåò³ëä³ðó. Àóûëøàðóàøûëûқ æàíóàðëàðäû ұñòàï êөáåéòêåíäå òұқûì äәí³í æәíå ïàéäàëàíàòûí үé³ðä³ àéûðàäû. Òұқûì äәí³íå æàòàòûí ìàëäà êåëåñ³ êөðñåòê³øòåð áîëó êåðåê: ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ ñàóëûқ, êөáåþãå æàðàìäûқ æîғàðû қàñèåò³, æîғàðû áàғàëû íәñ³ëä³ê қàñèåòòåð³ æәíå ñàïàëû ұðïàқ. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ çåðòòåóäå îñû æàíóàðëàð òîáûíà æàòàòûíäàð áåðóø³ëåð (äîíîðëàð) æәíå æàñàóøûëàð (ұðûқòàíäûðóøûëàð). Áåðóø³ – îë íәñ³ëä³ê áàғàëû ұðûқòàðäû áåðåò³í ұðғàøû; æàñàóøû – îë åðêåê ìàë. Ñîíäûқòàí, æàíóàðëàðäûң îñû äәðåæåñ³ үé³ðä³ң êөáåéòó æұìûñûíà өòå ìàңûçäû. Ïàéäàëàíàòûí æàíóàðëàðäûң үé³ð³ – îë æàíóàðëàð, ãåíîòèïòåð³ àñà ìàңûçäû åìåñ, á³ðàқ ì³íäåòò³ òүðäå ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ ñàó, êөáåþãå æàðàìäû æàқñû қàñèåòòåð³ áàð. Îñû äәðåæåãå ðåöèïèåíòòåðä³ æàòқûçàäû. Ðåöèïèåíò – áөòåí ұðûқòû àëûï æүðåò³í ұðғàøû. Ïàéäàëàíàòûí æàíóàðëàðғà êүéëåãåí ұðғàøû ìàëäàðäû òàáàòûí åðêåê ìàëäàðäûäà æàòқûçàäû. Æàëïû, àóûëøàðóàøûëûқ æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ åðåêøåë³êòåð³ìåí áåëã³ëåíåä³. Áèîëîãèÿëûқ қàñèåòòåð òåêò³ë³ê қîðëàðìåí ðåòòåëåä³. Ñîíûìåí, æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðûí үø òîïқà áөëóãå áîëàäû: à) ìîëåêóëÿðëûқ қîð – ãåí қàñèåòòåð³ìåí æәíå құðàìûìåí áåëã³ëåíåä³; á) ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ қîð – ãàìåòà áàíê³ àðқûëû àøûëàäû, ұðûқòûң åңã³çóë³äåí áұðûí äàìóû (òîòèïîòåíòò³ê); â) ñåëåêöèÿëûқ қîð – òұқûì ìàëøàðóàøûëûғûìåí áàéëàíûñòû, ұðûқòû æàқñàðòûï æàңà òұқûì æàñàóìåí áàéëàíûñòû Æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðû 1. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîð
2. Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ өí³ì
Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû Қàçàқñòàíäà Қàçàқñòàíäà æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң äàìóûíà Ìóõàìåäãàëèåâ Ô.Ì., Æàíàáåêîâ Ê.Æ., Àáèëüäèíîâ Ð.Á. үëåñ қîñқàí. Îëàð ұðûқòàðìåí æұìûñ ³ñòåãåíäå á³ð³íø³ ðåò ñóïåðîâóëÿöèÿ æәíå òðàíñïëàíòàöèÿ әä³ñòåð³ìåí қîëäàíûï îñûíûң àðқàñûíäà Қàçàқñòàíäà æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû äàìó æîëûíà òұðäû. Êәç³ðã³ óàқûòòà Қàçàқñòàíäà á³ð òîï ìàìàíäàð æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíàí æұìûñòàð өòê³çå àëàäû. Îëàð Қàñûìîâ Ê.Ò., Òîéøèáåêîâ Ì.Ì., Ñàäûêóëîâ Ò.Ñ., Àóçáàåâ Ñ.À., Ìàëìàêîâ Í.È., Ñàëûқáàåâ Ò.Í., Äæàìàëîâà Ã.À. æәíå ò.á. Îñû ғàëûìäàð ғûëûìè æұìûñòàðûí òåê қàíà çåðòõàíàäà өòê³çáåé òәæ³ðèáåäå қîëäàíó ñұðàқòàðûí қàðàñòûðàäû. Ìûñàëû, 1997 æûëäàí áàñòàï Àëìàòû îáëûñû «Ìàäè» òұқûì øàðóàøûëûғûíäà äåãðåññ қîéëàðûí êөáåéòó ғûëûìè çåðòòåóëåð³ өòê³ç³ë³ï æàòûð.
Áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ òүðëåð³ Àäàìíûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ æүéåãå әñåð åòó³íå áàéëàíûñòû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿíû êåëåñ³ òүðëåðãå áөëåä³: 1. Ìîëåêóëÿðëû – íåã³ç³íäåðåêîìáèíàíòòûқ ÄÍҚ òåõíîëîãèÿñû æәíå ìèêðîàғçàëàð òåõíîëîãèÿñû. 2. Æàñұøàëû – íåã³ç³íäå ÿäðî æәíå æàñұøàíûң äåңãåé³íäåã³ æұìûñòàð.
Îñû әä³ñòåðä³ң ïàéäàëàíó ñàëàñûíà áàéëàíûñòû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ êåëåñ³ òүðëåðãå áөë³íåä³: 1. Ғàðûøòûқ. 2. Ýêîëîãèÿëûқ. 3. Ìåäèöèíàëûқ. 4. Àóûëøàðóàøûëûқ. 5. Өíåðêәñ³ïò³ê. Àóûëøàðóàøûëûқ áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû өç àëäûíà өñ³ìä³êòåð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíà æәíå æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíà áөëåä³. Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû – ìîëåêóëÿðëû æәíå æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñòåð³í³ң êөìåã³ìåí ãåíîòèïò³ ðåòòåéò³í, ðåçèñòåíòò³ã³ æîғàðû æәíå æîғàðûөí³ìä³ æàíóàðëàðäû àëó әä³ñòåðä³ çåðòòåéò³í ғûëûì
Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң áàғûòòàðû. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ қîðëàð àøó үø³í ìîëåêóëÿðëû, æàñұøàëû, êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëàðûìåí қîëäàíàäû. Æàíóàðëàðäû êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû – æàíóàðëàðäûң ðåïðîäóêòèâò³ê қîðëàðûíûң ãåíåòèêàëûқ ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í æàқñàðòó ìàқñàòûìåí қîëäàíûëàòûí әä³ñ. Êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíäà çåðòòåó ïәí³ – æàíóàðëàðäûң ðåïðîäóêòèâò³ê қàñèåò³ àë çåðòòåó îáúåêò³ – îëàð: 1) æàíóàðëàðäûң àғçàëàðûíûң ãîðìîíäàðû – ãèïîòàëàìóñ, ãèïîôèç, ãîíàäàëàð àðқûëû çåðòòåëåò³í; 2) êөáåþ ìүøåëåð³í³ң құðàìû æәíå ôèçèîëîãèÿñû. Êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíäà êåëåñ³ әä³ñòåðä³ àéûðàäû: 1. Ñóïåðîâóëÿöèÿ – ôîëëèêóëäàðғà өñóãå æәíå äàìóғà ìүìê³íø³ë³ê áåðåò³í, ãîðìîíäàðäûң êөìåã³ìåí ұðғàøû-äîíîðëàðғà әñåð åòåò³í әä³ñ. 2. Æàñàíäû ұðûқòàíäûðó – æàíóàðëàðäûң ãåíîòèïòåð³í æàқñàðòó үø³í àñûëòұқûìäû åðêåê ìàëäàðäûң ұðûқòàðûìåí қîëäàíûï ұðғàøûëàðғà ұðûқ ñåáó æұìûñòàðû. Ãåíåòèêàíûң æәíå æàñàíäû ұðûқòàíäûðó òåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң æåò³ñò³êòåð³í³ң êөìåã³ìåí ìàëøûëàð æàíóàðëàðäû æåò³ëä³ðó үø³í қîëàéëû әä³ñòåð òàïòû, æîғàðû ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ áàð åðêåê æàíóàðëàðäû ³ð³êòåï àëó æàғäàéëàðû òóäû, áүê³ë ïîïóëÿöèÿëàðäûң ãåíåòèêàëûқ æàқñàðòó åêï³íäåð³ òåçäåò³ëä³. 3. Ұðûқòàðäû òðàíñïëàíòòàó – ұðғàøû-äîíîðäàí ұðғàøû-ðåöèïèåíòêå ұðûқ òàñó әä³ñ³. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà òðàíñïëàíòòàó ìàқñàòû – àñûëòұқûìäû ұðғàøû æàíóàðëàðäûң ãåíåòèêàëûқ қîðëàðûìåí қîëäàíó. Ұðûқòàðäû òðàíñïëàíòòàó әä³ñò³ң êөìåã³ìåí ұðғàøûëàðäûң êөáåþ ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ êåңåéä³, íåãå äåñåê, îëàðäûң àíà áåçäåð³íäå àíàëûқ æûíûñ æàñұøàëàðûíûң қîðû ìîë áîëàäû. Îñû ãåíåòèêàëûқ қîðäû òîëûғûíàí қîëäàíó үø³í êåëåñ³ çåðòòåóëåð өòê³ç³ëãåí: àñûëòұқûìäû àíàëàðäûң ұðûқòàðûí àëûï òөìåí ãåíåòèêàëûқ áàғàëû , êөáåþ үä³ð³ñ³íå æàðàìäû àíàëàðäûң æàòûðëàðûíà òðàíñïëàíòòàó. Îñû òåõíîëîãèÿ æұìûñ ³ñòåãåíäå: à) á³ð àñûëòұқûìäû àíàäàí àëûíғàí ұðïàқòàðäûң ñàíû êөáåéåä³; á) àғçàëàðäû ãàìåòà æәíå ұðûқòàð òүð³íäå àïàðûï æåòê³çóãå æәíå êөï óàқûò ñàқòàóғà áîëàäû; â) ãàìåòàëàðäû æәíå ұðûқòàðäû ³ð³êòåï àëûï êåðåê æûíûñòû æәíå êåðåê ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ-áèîõèìèÿëûқ қàñèåòòåð³ áàð ұðïàқòàðäû àëàäû. Îñû àéòûëғàí òåõíîëîãèÿëàðäû åңã³çó үø³í, àқûðғû ìàқñàòû ұðûқòàðäû òðàíñïëàíòòàó áîëàòûí æұìûñòàðäûң êåøåí³ìåí қîëäàíó êåðåê. Êөáåéòó òåõíîëîãèÿñû êåëåñ³ êåçåңäåðäåí òұðàäû: äîíîðëàðäû, æàñàóøûëàðäû, ðåöèïèåíòòåðä³ ³ð³êòåï àëó, äîíîðëàðғà ñóïåðîâóëÿöèÿ өòê³çó, äîíîðëàðäû ұðûқòàíäûðó, ұðûқòàðäû øûғàðûï àëó, àëûï øûғàðғàí ұðûқòàðäûң қàñèåòòåð³í áàғàëàó, ұðûқòàðäû ðåöèïèåíòòåðä³ң ìүøåëåð³íå åңã³çó. Êәç³ðã³ óàқûòòà êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû ìîëåêóëÿðëû æәíå æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëàðäûң әä³ñòåð³ìåí òûғûç áàéëàíûñàäû. Æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ – òүðë³ æàñұøàëû æұìûñòàð өòê³çó àðқûëû áàғàëû áèîëîãèÿëûқ қàñèåòòåð³ áàð àғçàëàðäû àëóäû çåðòòåéò³í ïәí. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà çåðòòåó îáúåêò³ – æàíóàðëàðäûң ðåïðîäóêòèâò³ê æàñұøàëàðû. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà æàñұøàëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ өç³íå á³ð á³ð³í òîëûқòûðàòûí åê³ ғûëûìè áàғûòê³ðã³çåä³: 1.Ұðûқ өñ³ðó çåðòòåóëåð (ұðûқ äàқûëû) – ãàìåòàëàðìåí ұðûқòàðғà өì³ð ñүðóãå æәíå äàìóғà æàғäàé òұäûðàòûí. Ұðûқ өñ³ðó çåðòòåóëåðä³ң íåã³çã³ òàïñûðìàëàðû: à) ãàìåòàëàðäûң æәíå ұðûқòàðäûң ñåëåêöèÿñû; á) ãàìåòàëàðäû æәíå ұðûқòàðäû өñ³ðó; â) ãàìåòàëàðäû ýêñòðàêîðïîðàëäû ұðûқòàíäûðó; ã) ãàìåòàëàðäûң æәíå ұðûқòàðäûң áàíê³í àøó; ä) қîðåêò³ê îðòàëàðäû æàñàï қàñèåòòåð³í æàқñàðòó. 2. Æàñұøàëû òåõíîëîãèÿëàð – æàíóàðëàðäûң ãåíîòèïòåð³í æàқñàðòó үø³í æàñұøàëàðäûң æәíå ÿäðîëàðäûң äåңãåé³íäå æүðã³çåò³í æұìûñòàð. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà æàñұøàëû òåõíîëîãèÿëàðäûң æұìûñòàðû êåëåñ³: à) ñîìàòèêàëûқ ãèáðèäèçàöèÿ; á) êëîíäàó; â) õèìåðàëûқ æàíóàðëàðäû àëó. Ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ – æàíóàðäûң àғçàñûíäà ìîëåêóëÿðëû äåңãåéäå æàңà ãåíåòèêàëûқ áàғäàðëàìàíû àëó ìàқñàòûí çåðòòåéò³í ғûëûì. Çåðòòåó îáúåêò³ íóêëåèí қûøқûëû áîëàäû (ÄÍҚ æәíå ÐÍҚ ìîëåêóëàëàðû). Ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ êåëåñ³ åê³ áөë³ìäåðäåí òұðàäû: 1. Ãåíåòèêàëûқ èíæåíåðèÿ – òåê қàíà ãåíäåðä³ çåðòòåéä³. Ãåíåòèêàëûқ èíæåíåðèÿíûң òàïñûðìàëàðû: à) ãåíäåðä³ ñèíòåçäåó æәíå îëàðäû æàңàðòó; á) ðåêîìáèíàíòòûқ ìîëåêóëàëàðäû құðàñòûðó æәíå êëîíäàó; â) ãåíäåðä³ң áàíê³í æàñàó.
2. Ãåíåòèêàëûқ өçãåðó – ãåíäåðä³ òàñó үä³ð³ñ³. Íåã³çã³ òàïñûðìàëàð: à) ãåíä³ ðåöèïèåíòêå ê³ðã³çó; á) өçãåðãåí ãåíäåðä³ ³ð³êòåï ñèíòåçäåó; â) ãåíäåðä³ åңã³çó; ã) òðàíñãåíä³ê æàíóàðëàðäû æәíå æîғàðûáàғàëû çàòòàðäû àëó.
Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң әä³ñòåð³ Ғàëûìäàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñòåð³í³ң êөìåã³ìåí ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà æàíóàðëàðìåí әð òүðë³ ýêñïåðèìåíòòåðä³ өòê³çåä³. Îñûíäàé æұìûñòûң ìàқñàòû – æàíóàðëàðäûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ áàғäàðëàìàñûí өçãåðòó. Îñû æұìûñ ұðûқ äàìó îðíûíà ò³ðêåëìåé òұðғàíäà өòê³ç³ëåä³. Ұðûқòû àëûï, «áèîòүçåòó» өòê³ç³ï, ñîíû äàìûòó үø³í ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ àíàíûң ðåïðîäóêöèÿ ìүøåëåð³íå åңã³çåä³. Îñûíäàé æàғäàéäà ìîëåêóëÿðëû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ, æàñұøà áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû æәíå êөáåéòó áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñû ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà æàңà ғûëûìè әä³ñòåðä³ æàðàòûï îòûð – ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿ, ұðûқ äàқûëû, ұðûқ òðàíñïëàíòàöèÿñû. Ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿ – æàíóàðëàðäûң àғçàëàðûíàí ãåíåòèêàëûқ қîðûí òàóûï, àëûï, ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³ìåí қîëäàíó әä³ñ. Ұðûқ äàқûëû – æàíóàðëàðäûң ãàìåòàëàðûíûң æәíå ұðûқòàðûíûң ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ қîðëàðûíûң ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í ³çäåï òàáàòûí, îëàðäûң өì³ð ñүðó үä³ð³ñòåð³í àғçàíûң ³ø³íäå æәíå àғçàäàí áөëåê ñàқòàéòûí ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòàғû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿëûқ әä³ñ. Ұðûқ òðàíñïëàíòòàó – æàíóàðëàðäûң ðåïðîäóêòèâò³ê æүéåñ³í³ң ôèçèîëîãèÿëûқ қîðûí ³çäåï, îíûң ìүìê³íø³ë³êòåð³í àíûқòàï, áàғàëû ãåíîòèïòåðä³ òåçäåò³ï êөáåéòó үø³í ұðûқòàðäû òðàíñïëàíòòàó әä³ñ³ìåí қîëäàíàòûí ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòàғû áèîòåõíîëîãèÿ әä³ñ³. Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà ұðûқ èíæåíåðèÿñû, ұðûқ äàқûëû, ұðûқ òðàíñïëàíòòàó êåøåí æàðàòûï, æàíóàðëàðäûң ñåëåêöèÿëûқ, íåìåñå, ãåíåòèêàëûқ қîðëàðûí àøàäû.
¹2 Äәð³ñ Æàíóàðëàð áèîòåõíîëîãèÿñûíûң æàëïû áèîëîãèÿëûқ íåã³çäåð³.. Ìàçìұí: Æàñұøà – ò³ð³ àғçàíûң íåã³ç³. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ñîìà æàñұøàëàðûíûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ ìәí³. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ұðғàøûëàðûíûң ðåïðîäóêöèÿëûқ æүéåñ³.Ұðғàøûëàðäûң æûíûñ æүéåñ³í³ң ôèçèîëîãèÿñû. Ôîëëèêóëîãåíåç æәí îâóëÿöèÿ.
Æàñұøà – ò³ð³ àғçàíûң íåã³ç³. Æàíóàðëàðäûң ñîìà æàñұøàëàðûíûң áèîëîãèÿëûқ ìәí³ Ìàëøàðóàøûëûқòà ұðûқ äàқûëäàðäûң çåðòòåóëåð³í³ң íåã³ç³íäå æàñұøàëû òåîðèÿ æàòûð. Îíûң íåã³çã³ æàғäàéëàðû: à) æàñұøà – ò³ð³ ìàòåðèÿíûң íåã³ç³; á) әð òүðë³ ұëïàëàðäûң, àғçàëàðäûң æàñұøàëàðûíûң құðàìû ұқñàñ; â) æàñұøàëàðäûң êөáåþ³ àëғàøқû æàñұøàíûң áөë³íó³íåí áàñòàëàäû; ã) æàñұøà – æàëïû àғçàíûң á³ð áөëåã³. Îíûң á³ð áåëã³ë³ құðàìû æәíå àòқàðàòûí æұìûñû áîëàäû; ä) á³ð àғçàíûң æàñұøàëàðû ұëïàëàðäûң, ìүøåëåðä³ң æүéåëåð³íå ê³ð³ï á³ð á³ð³ìåí òûғûç áàéëàíûñàäû. Îðãàíèêàëûқ әëåìäå өì³ð ұéûìäàñóäûң åê³ òүð³ áîëàäû: æàñұøàäàí áұðûí (âèðóñòåð) æәíå æàñұøàëû (ïðîêàðèîòòàð, ýóêàðèîòòàð). Ýóêàðèîòòàðäûң ïðîêàðèîòòàðäàí àéûðìàøûëûғû – ýóêàðèîòòàðäûң æàñұøàëàðûíäà ÿäðî áàð, ïðîêàðèîòòàðäà æîқ. Ýóêàðèîòòàðäûң öèòîïëàçìàëàðûíäà әäåéëåíãåí, á³ð áåëã³ëåíãåí æұìûñòàðäû àòқàðàòûí îðãàíåëëàëàð áàð. Ýóêàðèîòòûқ æàñұøàëàð ïðîêàðèîòòûқ æàñұøàëàðäàí үëêåí. Ìîðôîëîãèÿëûқ àéûðìàøûëûқòàí áàñқà ïðîêàðèîòòàðäà æәíå ýóêàðèîòòàðäà ұқñàñ қàñèåòòåð áàð: æàñұøàíûң ñûðòûíà æәíå ³ø³íå çàòòàðäû æåòê³çåò³í ïëàçìà áîëó; àқóûçäûң ñèíòåç³ ðèáîñîìàäà өòåä³; ÐÍҚ ñèíòåç³ æәíå ÄÍҚ ðåïëèêàöèÿñû; áèîýíåðãåòèêàëûқ үä³ð³ñòåð. Ñîíûìåí: æàñұøà – қàáûðøûқïåí қîðøàëғàí, ðåòòåëãåí, áèîïîëèìåðëåðä³ң (àқóûçäàð, íóêëåèíқûøқûëäàð, ëèïèäòåð, êөì³ðñóëàð æәíå ò.á.) æүéåëåð³, çàò àëìàñó, ýíåðãåòèêàëûқ үä³ð³ñòåðãå қàòûñàòûí, æàëïû áàðëûқ æүéåëåðä³ң æұìûñòàðûíà êөìåêòåñåò³í. Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ: 2015-08-31; Ïðîñìîòðîâ: 5517; Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ?; Ìû ïîìîæåì â íàïèñàíèè âàøåé ðàáîòû! Íàì âàæíî âàøå ìíåíèå! Áûë ëè ïîëåçåí îïóáëèêîâàííûé ìàòåðèàë? Äà | Íåò
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