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Reading practice
PART II B. A. UNIT 13. B. A. UNIT 12. B. A. UNIT 11. B. A. UNIT 10. B. A. UNIT 9. B. A. UNIT 8. B. A. UNIT 7. B. A. UNIT 6. B. A. UNIT 5. B. A. UNIT 4. B. A. UNIT 3. B. A. UNIT 2. B. A. UNIT I. VOCABULARY PRACTICE PART I Ex. 1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: 1. A branch of law which is concerned with persons, corporations, property and relationships a. private b. substantive law c. family law d. public law 2. Upper house of UK Parliament a. chamber b. House of Commons c. House of Lords d. elected body 3. An agreement between countries a. law b. Constitution c. Assembly d. Convention 4. A request at court for compensation or for protecting rights a. act b. law c. claim d. action
Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. the UK, there are, jurisdictions, three, in. 2. primary legislation, in, and, secondary legislation, the UK, there are,. 3. between, more, the distinction, important, criminal, and, civil law, is. 4. are elected, they, by majority. 5. it, at the second reading, happens. 6. their experience, different titles, depending on, training, judges, have, and, level. 7. citizens, all, before, are equal, the law.
Ex. 1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms:
1. Period of time when Parliament discussed idea of passing new act a. to pass an Act b. a consultative process c. legislative process d. to enforce 2. Association of people who tries to influence the legislative process in their own interest a. voluntary organization b. professional body c. government ministers d. pressure group 3. Common law is… a. a unified system of precedents, the total for the whole of Britain, one of the components of the Anglo-Saxon legal system based on local customs and practiced by the royal courts. b. hierarchy of the courts in the UK. c. the Human Rights Act of 1988. Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. new legislation, is, enacted, how? 2. and, consists of, the common law, procedural rules, the substantive law. 3. deal with, petty, crimes, the Magistrate’s Courts. 4. it, and, rights, liabilities, defines, duties. 5. the court, life peers, consists of, and, of the House of Lords, appointed, twelve, from, judges, barristers. 6. trial, in, by the Normans, was brought, to England, by jury, 1066. 7. the hierarchy, the common law, is, essential to, of the courts, in the UK. Ex.1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms:
1. Legal system is… a. an interpretation of law. b. a set of rules, institutions and industry rights in their relationship. c. statements of law. 2. Judicial decision is… a. a resolution of the specific law court for the concrete case. b. a legal procedure c. an interpretation of law 3. Precedent is… a. a resolution of the specific law court for the concrete case which has the source of power b. is a legislation c. procedural rules Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. are, assault, indictable offences, drug dealing, such as, theft, and, serious ones, murder. 2. as comfortably, to live, every country, to provide, that, its people, laws, safely, and, tries, will help, as possible. 3. is, the examination, of a witness, cross-examination. 4. compensation, the legal text, injuries, deals with, for, bodily. 5. any, a judicial decision, can get, accused person. 6. of, is regarded, as a father, Cesare Lombroso, to be, of, the scientific study, criminals. 7. to make, if, you, consult, your will, a lawyer, want.
Ex.1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: 1. Stipendiary is a. a member of House of Lords b. a full-time paid magistrate who has qualified as a lawyer c. a student who receives scholarships 2. Lay magistrate is a. unpaid member of the local law community b. a barrister c. a judge 3. Circuit is a. an administration of a Youth Court b. a criminal division of the Court of Appeal c. a geographical division for legal purposes 4. Recorder is a. a part-time judge with ten years standing as a barrister or solicitor b. one of juries c. a magistrate of the Magistrates’ Court
Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. who, commit,are, persons, criminals, crimes. 2. came into force, in 2014, rules, only, these. 3. a secretary, a claim form, ask, about. 4. concerning insolvency, breach of contract, aren’t investigated, and, in this court, the cases. 5. the study, of basic laws, constitutional law, is, of nation states, and, other political organizations. 6. am sure, there were, some, I, witnesses. 7. equal rights, the law, have, before, all citizens.
Ex. 1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms:
1. Witness is a. a person who does not like a crime b. a person who guesses that this or that c. a person who has committed a crime d. a person who saw or heard something about the offence 2. Alibis are a. a system of circumstantial evidences b. incontestable proofs of innocence of the suspected person c. a Swiss cheese Grade d. a gastric illness 3. Burglary is a. a secret plunder of somebody’s property b. a murder for the purpose of a body plunder c. an institute of witnesses’ protection d. an irrational use of napkins Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. the power of the monarch, Magna Carta, established, of limited government, where, the principle, was limited. 2. this person, is not, eighteen, a right of audience, because, doesn’t have, he, yet. 3. decide, obligations, and, of private citizens, the rights, tribunals,. 4. of law, regulations, one of the sources, are, in any country. 5. the European Convention of Human Rights, the UK, signed up. 6. in, Mr.Green, to allow, officers, after refusing, was arrested, without a warrant. 7. works, in a private firm, he, as a legal adviser. Ex. 1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms:
1. Appellant is a. a victim b. a judge c. a person who appeals 2. Defendant is a. a person working in the court b. a person protecting a society c. a person making laws d. a person charged with a crime 3. Witness is a. a life-sentence prisoner b. a person committing a crime c. a convicted prisoner d. a person who saw or heard something about the offence 4. Plaintiff is a. a person who protests b. a party who begins an action, complains c. a person who uses a magic power d. one from whom a person is descended or sues Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. a special law, taxes, are regulated, prices of goods, by, and. 2. to the court, a case, unfair dismissal, could be considered, of. 3. in crowded places, a pickpocket, a person, steals, things, who, from people’s pockets, is. 4. one of the sources, regulations, are, of law, in any country. 5. Helsinki, in, three, ago, John, worked, years, a sister firm, in. 6. under, the supervision, are, a lot of, accused persons, of, a probation officer. 7. the judge’s area, is, the Bench of the Court. Ex. 1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: 1. Claimant is a. a plaintiff b. a military man c. a state prosecutor participating in judicial session d. an employee of a security company 2. Monetary value is a. a secret plunder of smb's property b. an object of the world representing gold-currency c. an institute of witnesses protection d. an irrational use of napkins 3. Counterclaim a. claim presented by a defendant in opposition to the claim of the plaintiff b. a document for reviewing a case in the Higher court c. a judgment about guiltiness and innocence of a person d. a document about privileges for somebody Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. in the investigation, bad mistakes, were made, a few. 2. a common form, partnership, for certain kinds, of business, is, of structure. 3. quite different, to the police, the relation, is. 4. was accepted, a trading certificate, last month. 5. who, someone, shares, as a shareholder, owns, is known,. 6. of the business, was, a person, was responsible for, who, all the debts, he. 7. bankruptcy, on the verge, this company, is, of. Ex.1 atch the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: a. Legal system is a. statements of law b. a set of different institutions c. interpretation of law b. Cite case is a. a reference to a case b. a procedural rule c. a legislation 3. Dismissal is a. a special expertise b. discharge from office c. a witness statement Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. a first legal charge, over the property, is, a mortgage. 2. the court’s decision, may be fined, by, the defaulting company. 3. has, the director of the company, for company’s deals, personal responsibility. 4. of, tax payment, the responsibility, is, all companies. 5. and, tax return, of income, is, for declaration, a form, allowance. 6. Interchangeable, are, and, the words, «loan agreement», «loan contract». 7. the early nineteenth century, in, capital punishment, was widespread. Ex.1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: 1. Directives are a. The power to govern b. Citizenship c. Special rules binding on member states but not individuals until they have been transposed into national law 2. Recommendations are a. Laws for everybody b. Binding on those to whom they are addressed c. Persuasive, that is, have influence 3. Decisions are a. Human rights b. Goods c. Binding on there to whom they are addressed Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. was accused, ex-director, with forfeitures, of, his company. 2. in, to be, happened, a good specialist, he, the market investigation. 3. had, one, the largest regional building firm, of,a great financial loss. 4. his, in theft, defamed, neighbor, him. 5. clinical negligence, specialize, in, at a regional firm, David Jones,. 6. than, during, were mergered, more, twenty, companies, the last three years, by this foreign concern. Ex.1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: 1. Will b. a paper about leaving your property to somebody c. suggestion d. contract e. partnership form 2. Experience a. regulations b. skills c. rules d. test 3. Barrister a. trainee b. Business man c. legal person d. supervisor 4. Privatization a. taking to property b. leaving to somebody c. instructing a client d. practicing as a solicitor Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. is, breach of contract, a civil wrong, that, excludes, a tort. 2. the terms, both parties, tried, to keep, of the agreement, concerned. 3. to be delivered, was unlikely, to the defendant, the claim. 4. as a vendor, my, sister, works. 5. but, gambling debts, Mr. Smith, always, gambled, had, never. Ex. 1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: 1. Draft a. form b. project c. legal system d. court 2. Trainee a. a person who practices in professional activity b. a person who graduate in a nonlaw subject c. a lay client d. a member of Inn 3. A Bachelor of laws a. a scientific degree b. a badge of a law student c. a name of a law subject d. a qualifying law degree 4. Litigation a. an advocacy training b. a questioning c. a trial d. a shop-lifting Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. to break, a warranty, the other party, as discharged, doesn’t permit, the contract. 2. for sale, this, is, offered, object. 3. under this act, of unfair terms, the country, the use, imposed on, of a contract. 4. with licensors, licensees, many firms, who, work, and, there are. 5. it, a purchaser, some product, sells, and, buys, a supplier. 6. for, this, trainees, non-academic society, educational resources, provides of high quality, its. Ex. 1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: 1. Lawyer a. a wide nonspecific group of people who share some of the same background and culture b. a professional who practices law 2. Act a. the petition of people b. the decree of a state body 3. The bargain a. business contract between somebody b. relations of people Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. when buying, of packaging, pay attention, to the seal, any expensive devices. 2. everybody, a license agreement, demanded, for this service. 3. to this institute, there were, a hundred applicants. 4. fields, artistic, intellectual property, or, such as, literary, dramatic, deals with, musical, copyright law. 5. procedure, employment law department, contracts, employment policy, and, advise on, our. 6. the statutory rights, time off, holidays, include, a national minimum wage, and, and, of employees, statutory sick pay, parental leave. Ex.1. Match the following expressions with their equivalents: A) English with Russian, B) Russian with English
Ex. 2. Choose the right definition of the following terms: 1. Terrorism a. violent actions for political reasons b. politics and rules of vandals 2. Tort a. a criminal offence b. a civil wrong 3. Defamation a. a wrong statement about someone in mass media b. a wrong statement about someone in oral speech 4. Nuisance a. an acceptance of social customs or practice b. break rules of behavior in public Ex. 3. Make up sentences with the following words: 1. its own country code, every country, has. 2. free of charge, the Internet access, isn’t. 3. to International Laws, have to, all domestic laws, correlate. 4. illegal activity, your, will be punished. 5. some notes, a partner, her trainee, to draft, has asked, on environmental law. 6. within legal framework, the treaty, of the environmental protection, was signed. 7. specializing, information technology, a legal practitioner, in, at the meeting, was speaking. TEXT 1. WHAT IS LAW? The word law has many meanings, and this word is used variously in different fields. For example, physical science has its law of gravity, and economics has the law of supply and demand. Do these laws have precise definitions? Is the same precision possible in jurisprudence – the scientific study of law? Over the years, legal scholars have offered dozens of definitions of law, but none of them is universally accepted as absolutely definitive. How can this difficulty in defining law be explained? The English word law refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is rather consistent law of gravity; another is the less consistent law of economics. Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course. In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs – that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power. What motives do governments have in making and enforcing laws? Social control is undoubtedly one purpose. Public laws establish the authority of the government itself, and civil laws provide a framework for interaction among citizens. Without laws, it is argued, there would be anarchy in society (although anarchists themselves argue that human beings would be able to interact peacefully without laws if there were no governments to interfere in our lives). Another purpose is the implementation of justice. Justice is a concept that most people feel is very important but few are able to define. Sometimes a just decision is simply a decision that most people feel is fair. But can we create a just society by simply observing public opinion? If we are always fair to majorities, we will often be unfair to minorities. If we do what seems to be fair at the moment, we may create unfairness in the future. Many philosophers have proposed concepts of justice that are much more theoretical than everyday notions of fairness, and sometimes governments are influenced by philosophers. But in general, governments are guided by more practical considerations such as rising crime rates or the lobbing of pressure groups. Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished; that fathers should provide financial support for their children if they desert their families; that a person should be compensated for losses when someone else breaks an agreement with him or her. But in order to be enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law, and when definitions are being written, it becomes clear that common sense is not such a simple matter. Instead, it is a complex skill based upon long observation of many different people in different situations. Laws based upon common sense do not necessarily look much like common sense when they have been put into words. In practice, governments are neither institutions solely interested in retaining power, nor clear-thinking bodies implementing justice and common sense. They combine many purposes and inherit many traditions. The laws that they make and enforce reflect this confusion.
Exercises:
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