Explain the three tasks of science

1) Description - compositional form that is used for literary scholars and linguists detailed characteristics of objects or phenomena in order to create an artistic image.This compositional form is separated into a description of the items, description of processes, description or description of experienced human life and performance.

2) Explanation (in the methodology of science) - a cognitive procedure aimed at enriching and deepening the knowledge about the real world phenomena through the inclusion of these phenomena in the framework of certain bonds, relationships and dependencies, making it possible to reveal the essential features of this phenomenon. In the simplest case, the subject of separate explanations are the empirically observable facts. In this case, the explanation is preceded by a description thereof. But in principle the subject of explanations can be any kind of reality in all its forms and at all levels of its expression in the system of scientific knowledge. So, for example, the explanation may be subject to the laws of science, empirical and theoretical content theories lesser degree of generality may find its explanation in the theories of a more general level, and so forth.

3) PREDICTION

The statement, which will occur before it actually happens. All research prediction - a complex operation, involving deep knowledge of this phenomenon, including facts and the basic principles associated with it. Accurate prediction is usually regarded as the most rigorous test of scientific theory, psychology, substantially all of the predictions are presented in probabilistic form, although we must admit that it can be considered true for all sciences, the difference is that the degree of probability in some sciences is closer to 1, 0 than in others.

14. Expand the 5 points of view on the problem of the beginning of science. Explain your position on this issue.

1)Science has always existed

Science has always been since the dawn of human society, as Scientific curiosity organically inherent in man. Thus, the problem of "the beginning" of science, its occurrence has important methodological significance for the formation of theoretical approaches to the definition of the nature of science, its status, stages of development. In everyday language the word "science" is used in several ways and means:

- system of special knowledge;

-type of specialized activity;

- social institute

Science in all three ways, has not always existed, experimentally-mathematical science did not appear anywhere as usual for us. Differences of forms of science that existed in local cultures, gave rise to the problem in the literature definition of science. Today, there are a lot of definitions.

2)Science arises in the Ancient East (India,China)

These civilizations have given the world a lot of specific knowledge, but it was the knowledge necessary for practical life, for religious rituals, were there always an essential part of everyday life. Analysis of relevant knowledge of ancient eastern civilizations to the second criterion of scientific character suggests that they were not peculiar to any solidity or theoreticity. All knowledge were a purely practical character. Same astrology arose not out of pure interest in the structure of the world and the movement of heavenly bodies, but because it was necessary to determine the flood of the rivers, constitute the horoscope. After all the heavenly bodies, on the proposal of the Babylonian priests, they were the faces of the gods, observed everything happening on the ground and significantly affecting all the events of human life. The same can be said of other scientific knowledge not only in Babylon, but also in Egypt, India and China. They were needed for purely practical purposes, among which the most important were considered properly performed religious rituals, where this knowledge and used primarily. Thus, we can make a conclusion about the absence of a true science in the ancient East, and will only talk to the existence of separate scientific concepts that distinguishes these from the ancient Greek civilization and developed on its basis of modern European civilization and makes science a phenomenon only of this civilization.

3) Science arises in Antiquity (Ancient Greece)

The emergence and development of science in ancient Greece occurred in the context of the entire culture. In other words, all science and scientific theories grow on the basis of certain research programs (paradigms). It is in Greece and there are the first research program, essentially related to the specifics of the ancient Greek civilization and culture. The reason is that science has appeared in ancient Greece, it was the only one of its kind in the revolution that took place there in the archaic era and was the appearance of private property. Only in Greece appears such form of cognitive activities (systematic evidence, rationale, logical deduction, idealization), of which science could develop further. The most important result was the focus of Greek thought for independent, objective review of the nature of a reality independent of political interests and moral standards. Greek thought was distinguished by the desire for accurate knowledge of reality, the proof, the critical spirit and the courage to conclusions.

4) Science arises in modern times (17-18 с.)

In modern times, blooms "classical science". It covers the period of the development of science from the XVIII century. 20-ies of XX century., ie, on completion of the first global scientific revolution until the quantum-relativistic picture of the world. Of course, the science of the XIX century. quite different from the science of the XVIII century., which alone can be considered a truly classical science. However, since science XIX century. continue to operate the epistemological premises of science XVIII century, we combine them into a single concept -. classical science. This stage of development of science is characterized by a number of specific features. Very serious changes are taking place in the XVIII century. chemistry, which, finally, of alchemy and chemistry craft becomes a real science. The main methods of mechanics apply to all the other branches of physics, down at this time, - thermal physics, optics, electricity and magnetism study. In the XVIII century, was invented Leyden jar (first battery), discovered the phenomenon of electrical conductivity, the negative and positive electricity, the electrical nature of lightning.

5) Science arises in the first half of the 19th century

At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. there was a new revolution in science, which resulted in the collapsed existing metaphysical ideas about the structure, properties, laws of matter (atoms views on how immutable, indivisible particles, the mechanical mass, space and time, in the movement and its forms, etc.) and a new type of science – non-classical science. For non-classical type of rationality characteristic considering that the object of knowledge, and, consequently, the knowledge of it, depends on the subject of drugs and procedures used by them.

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