Evaluate the major achievements of science in the Middle Ages(Europe and Arab East)

Expand the paradigm of ancient science

Basic theories, approach to a world explanation. Mathematics paradigm of rationality.

Antique science is called the science of Ancient Greece and Rome. Achievements of antique science and philosophy have been made on the basis put by drevnevostochny civilizations. In antique science the cult of reason and rationality dominated. Scientists were at the same time and philosophers.

I.1) Ontology science about life uniform space

2) Aristotle, Ptolemaeus'sPotsentrichesky system

3) Mathematical harmony (Pythagoras)

Ii.Gneosology - the doctrine about knowledge. Belief in cognoscibility of the world

Iii.Metodology:

1) Contemplation

2) Surprise → knowledge symbol

3) Intuition → ingenious guesses, assumption

4) Analogy → the World is water (Thales)

5) Dialectics → according to Socrates, Hegel the 19th century

6) Axiomatic method

7) Structural analysis (atomistics: The world consists of elements)

The most known of antique scientists are: Democritus, Thales from Miletus, Archimedes, Ptolemaeus and, certainly, Aristotle. To Democritus build the idea of an atomic structure of substance. Thales from Miletus, apparently, has for the first time reported about the electrization phenomenon. Archimedes has laid the foundation of mechanics and a hydrostatics. Ptolemaeus has developed (for the purpose of justification of the astrological constructions) the scheme of the device of the universe.

However an original founder of an antique paradigm was Aristotle.

The main achievement of medieval science – semi-mystical, experimental natural sciences (experienced natural sciences)

Most of educated people were priests and monks, and all branches of knowledge submitted to divinity. The only purpose of scientists of the early Middle Ages was to keep the remains of antique knowledge. The science absorbed in itself achievements of the Greek and Islamic sciences which paved the way for later scientific achievements. During this period a series of appreciable scientific inventions as a result of which sources of modern science were created was made. To the most significant scientific inventions need to carry:

Indian-Arab digits.

This invention comparable with creation of the alphabet.

Optics and lenses.

In Ibn al-Haysam's work "An optics treasury" (about 1038) lenses and their magnifying abilities were considered.

Roger Bacon (died in 1294) remembers use of lenses for correction of vision of adults.

Having borrowed the Indian digital system, the Arab scientists began to operate with large numbers, from them the concept "algebra" used for the first time by the Central Asian mathematician Al-Horezmi (780 — 850) went. Al-Battani (850 — 929) developed trigonometrical functions (a sine, a tangent, a cotangent), and Abul-Vafa (940 — 997) made a series of outstanding opening in the field of geometry and astronomy. Having used Galen and Hippocrates's work, the Arab scientists developed medicine, studied medicinal properties of a series of minerals and plants. Ibn-al-Baytar gave the description more than 2600 drugs and officinal and other plants in alphabetical order, including about 300 new. Medical knowledge of Arabs was reduced in a single whole by the surgeon of hospital in Baghdad Muhammad ar-Razi (865 — 925) and Ibn Cynna (980 — 1037) which work "The canon of medical science" became the reference book of the Western European doctors of the XII—XVII centuries. Al-Biruni – astronomy, geography, mineralogy, 146 scientificworks.

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