Illustrate the essence of quasi-science and para-science

By definition, Ph.D. VA Kuvakin: "The term" parascience "refers to statements or theories that are more or less deviate from the standards of science and contain a significant error, and perhaps the true position. "Para" (from the Greek pará - near past, out)

Example: experiments in telepathy of Bekhterev or to achieve immortality through blood transfusions AA Bogdanov

Quasi-science - Figuratively speaking, this is something close to a science, but the science is not imaginary, not real science. Quasi-science a collective phenomenon that exists only in the organized scientific community.

Example: In the 70-80-ies in the Soviet Geology existed extensive quasi-science, denies recognized in the world the theory of plate tectonics. At this time, the most active plate tectonics defended two geophysics - OG Sorokhtin and SA Ushakov.

21. Open the myths of your science.

Myth №1 “Mathematics-exact science?” Ancient and modern mathematicians did not recognize an arithmetical operations, because they were surprised by incommensurability of diagonals of square and sides of square. Modern mathematics can not operate with irrational numbers,this is why at realization of operations of irrational numbers replace by rational numbers,but mathematics tries to lead to equalities. Consequently, accuracy of mathematics is myth.

Myth №2 Title “Analytical geometry”

Analytical geometry should be called as algebraic geometry; in ancient times there was algebraic geometry.Analytical geometry has no analytical idea. Differential geometry should be called as analytical geometry

Myth №3 In modern mathematics there are set of calculus,but calculus based on operation with number. In particular,differential and integral calculus are myth,because we can differentiate and integrate only values,not numbers

22. Analyze "outstanding issues" of your science.

1) equality of P and NP classes: In this theory, the class P consists of all those decision problems that can be solved on a deterministic sequential machine in an amount of time that is polynomial in the size of the input; the class NP consists of all those decision problems whose positive solutions can be verified in polynomial time given the right information, or equivalently, whose solution can be found in polynomial time on a non-deterministic machine. The biggest open question in theoretical computer science concerns the relationship between those two classes:

Is P = NP?

Most people think that the answer is probably "no"; some people believe the question may be undecidable from the currently accepted axioms. A $1,000,000 prize has been offered for a correct solution.

2) In mathematics, the Hodge conjecture is a major unsolved problem in the field of algebraic geometry that relates the algebraic topology of a non-singular complex algebraic variety and the subvarieties of that variety. More specifically, the conjecture says that certain de Rham cohomology classes are algebraic, that is, they are sums of Poincaré duals of the homology classes of subvarieties. It was formulated by the Scottish mathematician William Vallance Douglas Hodge as a result of a work in between 1930 and 1940 to enrich the description of de Rham cohomology to include extra structure that is present in the case of complex algebraic varieties. It received little attention before Hodge presented it in an address during the 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians, held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. The Hodge conjecture is one of the Clay Mathematics Institute's Millennium Prize Problems, with a prize of $1,000,000 for whoever can prove or disprove the Hodge conjecture.

3) In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture that the Riemann zeta function has its zeros only at the negative even integers andcomplex numbers with real part 1/2. It was proposed by Bernhard Riemann (1859), after whom it is named. The name is also used for some closely related analogues, such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields.

The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers. Along with suitable generalizations, some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics (Bombieri 2000). The Riemann hypothesis, along with Goldbach's conjecture, is part of Hilbert's eighth problem in David Hilbert's list of 23 unsolved problems; it is also one of the Clay Mathematics Institute'sMillennium Prize Problems.

4) Yang–Mills theory is a gauge theory based on the SU(N) group, or more generally any compact, semi-simple Lie group. Yang–Mills theory seeks to describe the behavior of elementary particles using these non-Abelian Lie groups and is at the core of the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces (i.e. U(1) × SU(2)) as well as quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force (based on SU(3)). Thus it forms the basis of our understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics.

5) The Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problem concerns the mathematical properties of solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations, one of the pillars of fluid mechanics (such as with turbulence). These equations describe the motion of a fluid (that is, a liquid or a gas) in space. Solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations are used in many practical applications. However, theoretical understanding of the solutions to these equations is incomplete. In particular, solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations often includeturbulence, which remains one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics, despite its immense importance in science and engineering.

6) In mathematics, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elliptic curve. It is an open problem in the field of number theory and is widely recognized as one of the most challenging mathematical problems. The conjecture was chosen as one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems listed by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a $1,000,000 prize for the first correct proof.^[1] It is named after mathematicians Bryan Birch and Peter Swinnerton-Dyerwho developed the conjecture during the first half of the 1960s with the help of machine computation. As of 2016, only special cases of the conjecture have been proved.

7) In mathematics, the Poincaré conjecture is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space. As of 2016, the Poincaré conjecture is the only solvedMillennium problem.

23. Define the concept of "knowledge". Name the three characteristics of knowledge.

Knowledge refers to a state wherein a person knows something or has information about something. It also pertains to something that one has learned, applied, or understood. Knowledge may also be in the form having facts for certain things or having experienced something. For different people, acquiring knowledge may be done through different ways and techniques. Some people are also considered fast-learners or geniuses wherein acquiring knowledge is easy and almost effortless. For some people, getting information or idea about different things in life may require more time and effort and even other techniques just to even things up with geniuses.
Knowledge is any discrete or abstract concepts of natural or supernatural phenomena assimilated & recorded as thoughts by the human cognitive neural cortices matrix domain.

1) Knowledge is always substantively

2)Knowledge is always truly

3) Knowledge is always grounded

24. Open the three cognitive abilities.

Memory - it's remembering, preserving and further reproduction a man of his individual experience. It includes the following pro- cesses: storing, preservation, reproduction and forgetting

Imagination - the ability to create an image really is not an existing object, keep it in the minds and manipulate them.

Without the attention can not be any activity; accuracy and efficiency of perception, memory and thinking are possible only if there is proper on-directional, ie attention.

25. Define the essence of thinking and show how it differs from the mind (intellect).

Thinking is productive ability of imagination productive ability of imagination is a cognitive human activity. It is an indirect way and generalized reflection of reality. The result is the idea of ​​thinking (the concept, the meaning of the idea). Many philosophers have called the essential feature of human thinking. So Descartes stated, "I think, therefore I exist." Pascal called man a thinking reed.

Intelligence productive calculation ability (or costing) productive ability of calculation (from the Latin intellectus -. Sensation, perception, understanding, understanding of the concept, reason) - the quality of the mind, consisting of the ability to adapt to new situations, understanding and use of abstract concepts and the use of their knowledge for environmental management.

The parameters that form the distinctive features of human intellectual system include:

• the amount of working memory, the ability to predict, tool use, logic, tiered (6 layer neurons) hierarchy system selection

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