Classical science (XVII-XIX)-New times

Expand the paradigm of medieval science

Medieval science. The medieval science besides was under pressure of religion, she couldn't call into question bible myths about creation of the world and the person Bogom.

The medieval science lasted 1000 (5-15 years). The main feature of medieval science and culture-teotsentrizm (theo - God). The main principles of medieval science and philosophies-creationism-doctrines about creation of the world. Eschatology - the doctrine about doomsday. Providentsializm-ucheniye about predefiniteness. Sotereologiya - the doctrine about salvation of soul. Gneosologiya was under construction on symbolism and authority of the Scripture. Anthropology doctrine about the person, on the principle of humility.

Paradigm:

1. Ontology: creationism, providentsializm, eschatology, sotereologiya, iyerarkhizm.

2. Gnoseology: duality of the truth (the truth of belief and the truth of reason), division of objects of knowledge on natural and supernatural.

3. Methodology: antique methods (surprise, contemplation, the description, analogy), an intuition, formal logic (logician Aristotle), the proof from the authority (the bible, the Koran), scholasticism (a school explanation), hermeneutics (interpretation of the text).

Victor Schumann discovered vacuum ultraviolet radiation in 1893, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896 and in 1897 J. J. Thomson discovered electrons.

1903, Ernest Rutherford named this radiation gamma rays.

Discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie in 1896

Galileo Galilei was an Italian polymath: astronomer,physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician. His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots.

Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician,astronomer, and astrologer. He is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy.

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. Knowledge is power, экспериментальноеестествознание.

René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Cartesian coordinate system, He is credited as the father of analytical geometry.

Robert Hooke was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath. In 1660, Hooke discovered the law of elasticity. Hooke also was an early observer of the rings of Saturn, and discovered one of the first observed double-star systems, Gamma Arietis, in 1664.

Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum.

Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz was a German polymath and philosopher. He developed differential and integral calculus.

Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Dutch mathematician and scientist. He is known particularly as an astronomer, physicist, probabilist and horologist. His work included early telescopic studies of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan, the invention of the pendulum clock and other investigations in timekeeping.

Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician. Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour. He formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating theroots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.

Robert William Boyle was natural philosopher, chemist, physicist. He is best knownforBoyle's law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He formulated the Periodic Law, created a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements, and used it to correct the properties of some already discovered elements and also to predict the properties of eight elements yet to be discovered.

Charles Robert Darwin, was an English naturalist andgeologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

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