Ex.3. Complete the sentences and add your own information to develop the situation.

Russia.

Underlined words. Using your questions tell about the beginning of railway construction in

Ex2. Arrange the following sentences in a chronological order, put questions to the

Ex.1. Answer the following questions.

1) When were the first projects of the railway construction proposed?

2) Why was it necessary to connect the two capitals in Russia?

3) Whose project of construction was accepted?

4) Why were Melnikov and Kraft sent to America?

5) When did the construction begin?

6) How long did the construction last?

7) Why was it difficult to build the railway?

8) What was built to make the line as straight as possible?

9) Is there any legend about the construction?

10) What were the rails and sleepers made of?

11) What equipment was used for the construction?

12) What was done to facilitate the workers' labor?

13) When was the railway officially opened for public traffic?

14) What time did the first train depart from St. Petersburg and arrive in Moscow?

15) How many passengers were there in the first train?

16) What was its speed?

17) What plant was established to provide this railway with rolling stock?

1) The first steam locomotive was tested in Nizhniy Tagil.

2) The first railway carrying passengers was officially opened for public traffic in 1851.

3) Such engineers as P.K. Frolov, A.S. Yartsev, and Polsunov made great contribution to the development of railway transport in Russia.

4) The first tram ways were laid down in the Urals.

5) The history of railway construction in Russia began in the second half of the 18'h century.

6) I.I. Polsunov invented the stationary steam engine in 1763.

7) At the beginning of the 19th century it was decided to build the railway connecting two Russian capitals.

8) A.S. Yartsev suggested using cast iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788.

9) The Cherepanovs constructed the first steam locomotive.

10) Goods were transported in carts driven by the water wheel.

11) The construction of the St.Petersburg-Moscow line began in 1843 and lasted eight years.

12) The first tram ways were used for carrying coal, ore and other goods.

13) The railway constructed by P.K.Frolov was horse-powered.

14) P.K. Frolov built “chugunka” in the Altai Mountains.

1) The history of railway construction….

2) The first tram ways….

3) The first rails and sleepers…

4) Coal and other goods….

5) In the Western Europe the carts with coal were driven by the workers, but in Russia….

6) The wooden carts were called….

7) Much was done for the railway construction by….

8) Yartsev suggested replacing….

9) The first railway with cast iron rails….

10) TheCherepanovs, father and son….

11) The first steam engine…. 1

12) The first steam locomotivecould….

13) The Nizhniy Tagil railway….

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