Ex.2. Substitute the underlined words with the synonyms from the TEXT.

Ex.I. Study VOCABULARY after the TEXT. Find in the TEXT sentences with VOCABULARY units. Read and translate them into Russian.

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

VOCABULARY

1. to reach a high level – достичь высокого уровня

2. rapid transit railroads – скоростные железные дороги

3. high-speed intercity lines – скоростные междугородние линии

4. specialized cars – специализированные вагоны

5. sophisticated signaling – сложнейшие системы сигнализации

6. traffic control systems – системы управления транспортом

7. intense competition – жесткая конкуренция

8. cost-effective option – экономичная альтернатива

9. maintenance costs – эксплуатационные расходы

10. to challenge – оспаривать, бросать вызов

11. electric current – электрический ток

high-voltage ~ – ~ высокого напряжения

direct ~ – постоянный ~

alternating ~ – переменный ~

12. trunk rail route – магистральная железнодорожная трасса

13. high-performance track – путь высокого технологического качества

14. ultrasonic rail flaw detection – определение дефектов рельсов
с помощью ультразвукового
оборудования

15. track alignment – рихтовка пути

16. route capacity – пропускная способность

17. multi-tracking – строительство многопутных линий

18. permafrost territory – территория вечной мерзлоты

19. to meet the needs – соответствовать требованиям

20. streamlined trains – поезда аэродинамической формы

21. to inaugurate – торжественно открывать

22. railway junction – узловая железнодорожная станция

23. to interconnect key centers – связать друг с другом главные центры

24. heavily trafficked corridor – трасса с интенсивным движением

25. controversy over finance – финансовые противоречия, разногласия

1. Construction of railroads in the second half of the 20-th century developed fast due to the requirements of new rapid transit rail lines.

2. Railroads shifted to the new types of traction.

3. Railroads are working in intense competition with other modes of transportation.

4. The use of long welded rails is very important for the better riding of vehicles and durability of track.

5. France was the first country to design a completely new electrification program.

6. By 1990, only a small number of European main line rail routes were still using diesel traction.

7. In China, India and Russia railroads still remain the major carrier of both people and loads.

8. Building of new railroads for fast passenger trains was started by Japan.

9. Since the opening of the Tokyo – Osaka main line in 1964, the maximum speeds of Shinkansen trains have been raised from 130 mph to 171 mph.

10. The first French TGV high-speed line was the result of more than two decades of scientific investigation.

11. The new German high-speedlines are engineered to transport both people and load.

12. After some financial disagreement and solving hard geological problems, Italy founded an international company to build the north and south extensions of the existing fast intercity railroad system.

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