Ex.1.Read the text.

TEXT TYPES OF TRACTION SYSTEMS

Ex.8.Retell the TEXT according to the following plan.

Ex.7.Translate the following sentences into English.

Ex.6. Complete the following sentences. Consult the TEXT if necessary.

1. Some locomotives can … as well as ….

2. These locomotives are especially useful on … lines.

3. According to the … they perform, locomotives are divided into … and ….

4. … locomotives are the oldest ones.

5. Nowadays, … and …-… locomotives are most widely used on railroads.

6. Railway cars include … cars and … cars.

7. … carry passengers only.

8. There are different kinds of … cars depending on the loads carried.

9. … journal boxes increase the danger of ….

10. Special devices are used to … hotboxes.

11. Railcars do not need ….

12. They are equipped with …-… power units.

13. … carry passengers between the … cities of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and some other countries.

14. Some …… cars carry special … for …, … and … railroad tracks.

1. Железнодорожные локомотивы делятся на магистральные, которые тянут пассажирские и грузовые поезда, и маневровые, которые переводят вагоны с одного пути на другой на сортировочных станциях.

2. Локомотивы приводятся в движение с помощью паровой, электрической, дизель-электрической, дизель-гидравлической и газотурбинной тяги.

3. Большинство развитых стран использует дизель-электрические и электрические локомотивы на своих железных дорогах.

4. Турбо поезда перевозят пассажиров на скоростных магистральных маршрутах Франции, Германии, Италии, Испании, Японии, Канады и других стран мира.

5. Разные виды грузовых вагонов, предназначенные для перевозки любых грузов, используются на железных дорогах всего мира.

6. Железные дороги имеют поезда, оборудованные специальными устройствами для осмотра, ремонта и содержания пути.

1. Road and switching locomotives.

2. Classification of locomotives depending upon the traction power.

3. Passenger and freight cars.

4. Railcar trains.

By the end of the 1960’s, diesel had almost completely superseded steam as the standard railroad motive power on non-electrified lines in most parts of the world. The change came first and most quickly in North America, where during the 25 years from 1935 to 1960 (and especially 1950 – 1960), railroads in the USA completely replaced their steam locomotives.

What caused the diesel to substitute the steam locomotive so rapidly was the pressure of competition from other modes of transport. They forced the railroads to improve their services and adopt every possible measure to increase operating efficiency. Compared with steam, the diesel traction unit has a number of major advantages.

It can operate for long periods with no lost time for maintenance. In the USA and Canada the diesel can operate on a run of 2,000 miles or more and then start a return trip. Steam locomotives require extensive servicing after only a few hours’ operation.

It uses less fuel energy than a steam locomotive, its thermal efficiency being 4 times as great.

It can accelerate a train more rapidly and operate at higher speeds with less damage to the track.

The diesel is superior to the steam locomotive because of its smoother acceleration, greater cleanliness, standardized repair parts and operating flexibility. A number of diesel units can be combined and run by one operator.

The diesel-electric locomotive is an electric locomotive that carries its own power plant. Its use brings to a railroad the advantages of electrification, but without the capital cost of the power distribution and feed-wire system.

As compared with the electric locomotive, however, the diesel-electric has an important drawback: it can develop less horsepower. Since high power is required for high-speed operation, the diesel is less desirable than the electric for top speed passenger services and very fast freight operations.

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