Ex.4. Complete the following sentences using prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs given below. Some of these words may be used more than once.

Ex.3. Find pairs of synonyms.

Ex.2. Substitute the underlined words with the synonyms from the TEXT.

Ex.I. Study VOCABULARY after the TEXT. Find in the TEXT sentences with VOCABULARY units and translate them into Russian.

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

VOCABULARY

1. communication(s) – связь

railway ~ – железнодорожное сообщение

2. national economy – национальная экономика

3. loads – грузы

heavy ~ – тяжелые ~

bulky ~ – крупногабаритные ~

4. trains – поезда

passenger ~ – пассажирские ~

freight ~ – грузовые ~

mail ~ – почтовые ~

commuter ~ – пригородные ~

intercity ~ – ~ дальнего следования

high-speed ~ – скорые ~

5. car – вагон

passenger ~ – пассажирский ~

freight ~ – грузовой ~

mail ~ – почтовый ~

dining ~ – ~ ресторан

sleeping ~ – спальный ~

flat ~ – ~ платформа

6. traffic – движение, транспорт

7. distance – расстояние

to cover a ~ – преодолевать ~

8. speed – скорость

average ~ – средняя ~

fast ~ – высокая ~

top ~ – максимальная ~

9. expressways – скоростная автомагистраль

10. rush-hour traffic jams – автомобильные пробки в часы пик

1. Communications are verysignificant to the national economy of every country.

2. Railroadshaul the greater part of people and freight.

3. Railroads run two kinds of trains: suburban trains and long-distance trains.

4. Most commuter trains are fitted with passenger cars only.

5. The number of people traveling by trains in the USA and Canada has greatly decreased.

6. Some countries are developing high-speed and effectivelong-distance passenger service.

7. The maximum speeds of French intercity passenger trains reach 350kmph and even more.

1. to equip with 2. to cover a distance 3. to decline 4. to reduce 5. to conserve 6. unusually 7. fast 8. efficient 9. to offer 10. journey 11. to link 12. fastest speed 13. income 14. various 15. share 16. to receive 17. extra 18. trucks 19. mail 20. customers

a. lorries b. additional c. to get d. quick e. users f. to propose, to suggest g. to decrease h. traveling i. part j. revenue k. post l. extremely m. to travel a distance n. effective o. to save p. to cut q. to join r. different s. top speed t. to fit with

about, almost, already, also, and, at, between, by, for, in, of, on, over, than,

to, with

… the beginning … the 20th century there were … one million miles … rail routes all … the world.

… the end … the century there has been … a great number … gigantic railway engineering projects: the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM located … its north; the Seikan Tunnel … Honshu … Hokkaido … Japan … 34 miles long; the Simplon Tunnel … the Alps more … 12 miles; the Channel Tunnel … France … the UK, more … 30 miles long.

Efforts to increase speeds have produced fundamental changes … railroading. In 1964, the first section … high-speed Shinkansen Line was opened … Tokyo … Osaka, Japan. Nowadays, the Shinkansen (New Trunk Line) trains operate … this network … speeds … … 150-170 mph.

Starting … the original TGV (Trains a Grand Vitesse) Line … Paris … Lyon, the French have become the European leaders … this undertaking. The average permissible speed … this line is 168 mph.

Next … progress came the TGV-Atlantique (Paris – La Mans) … the TGV-Nord (Paris via the Channel Tunnel), designed … average speeds … 186 mph.

Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK, Belgium, Sweden are … famous … their top speed trains.

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