Ex.I. Answer the following questions.

SPEECH PRACTICE EXERCISES

Ex.8.Change Active Constructions into Passive.

Ex.7. Complete the following sentences. Consult the TEXT if necessary.

1. A railroad track consists of two parallel … made of ….

2. The rails are made according to certain … adopted by all railroads in the country.

3. Standard rails are joined end-to-end by ….

4. Engineers often use … … … to reduce the number of … and to give a … ride to the passing trains.

5. Rails are fastened to the ties by means of … ….

6. The … … between the rails is called the ….

7. The rail-and-tie structure is laid upon a foundation called ….

8. The best building materials for ballast are … … and ….

9. Good ballast keeps the track … and promotes … of rainwater.

10. The process of making the land for the track … and … is called ….

11. Grades refer to the … of the land.

12. Grades limit the … of trains and the … carried.

13. Engineers often build such railway structures as … and … to reduce the number of … and … along the track.

14. Special … and … are used for the … of the track.

1. Engineers are building a new multiple-track line in this region.

2. They have just constructed this modern track to link central and eastern regions of the country.

3. The railroad engineers installed high-quality steel rails and concrete crossties on this line.

4. All countries have adopted a standard gauge for their railroads.

5. Railroad builders use steel fishplates to join rails end-to-end.

6. Workers weld together standard rails to make continuous welded rails.

7. Engineers used crushed stone and gravel to make good ballast.

8. Engineers employ special equipment to make the land for the roadbed smooth and level.

9. Railroad engineers planned the route for the future railroad line with the least possible grades and curves.

10. Steep grades limit both the speeds of trains and the loads carried.

11. Engineers often design railroad bridges and tunnels along the route.

1. What kinds of loads do railroads carry?

2. Why are railroads considered the most important and universal mode of transport?

3. What is the longest railroad line in the world?

4. Who controls most railroad lines in many countries?

5. What are the basic elements of the track?

6. What building materials are used to make rails, crossties and ballast?

7. What parts do rails consist of?

8. What is the role of the fishplate?

9. What rails are called continuous welded rails?

10. What do they ensure?

11. What devices are used to fasten the rails to the wood ties? To the concrete ties?

12. Why does every country have a standard gauge on all its railroads?

13. What is the role of ballast for the track, trains and passengers?

14. What do grades and curves limit?

15. Why do engineers design and build railway bridges and tunnels?

16. Why do railway engineers use special equipment to build and maintain the track?

17. What do main lines and branch lines join?

18. What are the advantages of multiple-track lines?

Ex.2. Express the main idea of the TEXT in 5 – 7 sentences. Write your summary.

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