Ex.2. Substitute the underlined words with the synonyms from the TEXT.

Ex.I Study VOCABULARY after the TEXT. Read all Proper Names, paying attention to their pronunciation. Find in the TEXT sentences with VOCABULARY units. Read and translate them into Russian.

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

VOCABULARY

1. charter – привилегия, разрешение

to grant a ~ – выдать, даровать ~

to obtain a ~ – получить ~

2. to grant – передать во владение,

~ federal lands – ~ федеральные земли

~ government loans – ~ денежный заем

3. to carry – перевозить

~ government troops – ~ правительственные войска

~ property – ~ собственность, имущество

~ army and supplies – ~ армию и продовольствие

~ mail – ~ почту

4. rates – тарифы

standard ~ – стандартные, установленные ~

5. to remain in effect – оставаться в силе, действовать

6. disadvantage – недостаток

to be at ~ – находиться в невыгодном положении

7. to face – встретиться, столкнуться

~ the gigantic task – ~ с огромной, сложной проблемой

8. transportation center – транспортный центр, узел

9. competition – соревнование, конкуренция

10. to take over – брать на себя управление,

поглощать мелкие компании

11. a successful run – успешный пробег (поезда)

12. to experiment with – экспериментировать с

13. to mark – отмечать, знаменовать

14. regions – регионы, территории

highly developed ~ – высокоразвитые ~

developing ~ – развивающиеся ~

undeveloped ~ – неосвоенные ~

15. curve – железнодорожная кривая

16. roadbed – дорожное полотно

17. undercarriage – шасси

independent ~ – ~ с независимой подвеской

18. a leading truck – передняя бегунковая тележка

локомотива

19. flexibility – маневренность

20. wheels – колеса

driving ~ – ведущие ~

21. luxury train – роскошный поезд-салон

22. ward – направление движения

west ~ – западное ~

east ~ – восточное ~

north ~ – северное ~

south ~ – южное ~

StatesCities, Towns

Alabama Albany

California Baltimore

Louisiana Boston

Nebraska Charleston

New Jersey Chicago

Ohio Hamburg

Pennsylvania New York

South Carolina Philadelphia

Utah

RiversMountains

Delaware Rockies

Hudson Sierra Nevada

Mississippi

Missouri

1. Some horse-powered railroads startedworking in the USA in the beginning of the 1800’s.

2. Several engineers had gotpermission from the government for building railroads.

3. After 1830, the quantity of railroads grew very quickly.

4. By 1835, the number of charters given in 11 states had exceeded 200.

5. All engines built for the Eastern states were supplied with leading trucks.

6. Such trucks made locomotives extremelymobile on curves.

7. That type of car had become the most typical one by the end of the 1800’s.

8. Railroads were being built in all states east of the Mississippi River.

9. The greater part of themspread out from Boston, New York city and Philadelphia.

10. In 1853, 10 minorrailroads along the Erie Canal united to form the New York Central Railroad.

11. Big railroad companies swalloweda lot of smaller lines and grewquickly.

12. The most significant trade route linked Chicago and the Mississippi River.

13. The US railroads transportedarmy, property and post for the state at much cheaper costs than the standard ones.

14. In the 1940’s, those costs were still in use.

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