Ex.6.Find in the TEXT English equivalents of the following Russian word-combinations.

Ex.5. Complete the table.

Ex.4. Complete the following sentences using prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs given below. Some of these words may be used more than once.

Ex.3. Find pairs of synonyms.

Ex.2. Substitute the underlined words with the synonyms from the TEXT.

Ex.I. Study VOCABULARY after the TEXT. Find in the TEXT sentences with VOCABULARY units and translate them into Russian.

1. Railroads are and have always been the most important mode of transport.

2. Some trains carrypeople; others t ransport various cargoes.

3. Almost every country has a railway.

4. The longest rail lineextends for more than 9,000 km.

5. This railroad joinsthe capital of Russia and Vladivostok.

6. Most railroads all over the world are controlled by the state.

7. The railroad track consists of two parallel steel rails joined to timber or concrete sleepers.

8. Rails are made up of 3 parts: the lower part, the upper part and the middle part.

9. Rails are linked together by joint bars.

10. Nowadays, short rails are being replaced with longer rails on many railroads.

11. Every country has adopted a certain uniform distance between the rails on all its railway lines.

12. Broken rock and gravel are the best building materials for making ballast.

1. to speed 2. to carry 3. cargo 4. rail line 5. to extend 6. to connect 7. main route 8. to operate 9. to consist of 10. crossties 11. the base of a rail 12. joint bars 13. to change 14. building 15. equipment 16. crushed stone 17. to keep 18. convenience 19. to reduce 20. to require

a. machinery b. main line c. broken rock d. construction e. to vary f. to be made up of g. railroad h. to decrease i. to hold j. the foot k. to stretch l. to need m. comfort n. to haul o. freight p. to go fast q. fishplates r. to maintain s. to join t. sleepers

and, as, because, before, besides, due to, during, for, from, how, in, occasionally, of, on, suddenly, though, under, with

…, the steel … which rails are made may be defective, … the faults may not appear …the surface … the rails. A rail … a hidden flaw may break … … a heavy train … cause a wreck.

Accidents … this kind are not so frequent nowadays … they were … former years. It is … steel manufactures know … to produce better quality steel.

…, greater care is exercised … rolling rails and … testing them … they are laid … the track.

… the last years the number … rail failures … most railroads has been greatly reduced … … the use … special rail detector cars that can test rails … hidden flaws.

VERBS	PARTICIPLES I and II	NOUNS	ADJECTIVES
MEAN
DEPEND
OWN
OPERATE
SUPPORT
MAINTAIN
EQUIP
DISTRIBUTE
PROMOTE
REDUCE

- важный и наиболее универсальный вид транспорта

- скоростные пассажирские поезда

- управлять железными дорогами

- строительство, ремонт, эксплуатация

- возрастающая конкуренция

- двигаться одновременно в противоположных направлениях

– железнодорожные сооружения: мосты и тоннели

- полоса отвода железной дороги

- высококачественная сталь для рельсов

- поперечное сечение рельса

- соединять рельсы стыковыми накладками

- оставлять небольшой зазор в стыках

- сваривать стандартные рельсы в длинные плети

- плавное (бархатное) скольжение поезда

- прочно соединять основание рельса со шпалой

- одинаковое расстояние между рельсами вдоль пути

- использовать специальные инструменты

- гладкое и ровное земляное полотно

- слой балласта

- распределять вес проходящих поездов

- обеспечивать отведение дождевой воды

- уклоны и кривые

- перевозить тяжелые грузы

- перевозить пассажиров на высокой скорости

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