Should and ought

MUST

Modal Verbs

Description of Clinical Psychology

UNIT 9

Grammar

Present	Past	Future
must	---	---
Has/have to	Had to	Will have to
am/is/are to	was/were to	---

Значение	Примеры
Обязательство, необходимость (obligation, necessity)	It is 9 o’clock. We are to start right now. I must go to this lecture. It is delivered by my favourite lecturer.
Приказ, неотложная просьба (command, urgent request)	You muststop smoking or you’ll die. You must stay in bedas you have got a fever.
Запрет (prohibition)	You mustn’t speak to a patient in Latin. He will be embarrassed and worried.
Предположение с высокой степенью вероятности (supposition implying high probability)	Look at her. She must be suffering.

Task 1. Re-word the sentences according to the pattern. Remember that there is no particle to after the modal verb must:

It is necessary for me to leave now. I must leave now.

1) It is necessary for me to counsel a social worker.

2) It is necessary for us to be in time for the classes.

3) It is necessary for a social worker to be well organized and keep careful records.

4) It is necessary for the social worker to provide support to the client in a difficult situation.

5) It is necessary for students to work hard and study well.

6) It is necessary for the social worker to make the initial assessment of the client.

7) It is necessary for her to follow the prescribed treatment.

8) It is necessary for the client to feel comfortable and safe to be willing to share his/her thoughts with the psychologist.

9) It is necessary for a prospective social worker to be interested in improving people’s lives.

10) It is necessary for children to avoid drug use.

11) It is necessary for the monitor to inform the students about the latest news.

Task 2. Change the sentences with the words probably, presumably to sentences with the verb must expressing probability:

She is presumably very tired after such a long journey. She must be very tired after such a long journey.

1. You are probably ready for the test.

2. That is probably the best rehabilitation center in this neighborhood.

3. The client is probably quite satisfied with the treatment results.

4. Your friend is presumably over 20.

5. Your passport is presumably at home.

6. My colleague is presumably a Korean.

7. This work is probably very challenging.

8. The work of a social worker is presumably very rewarding.

9. Social work is presumably an exciting career area that is highly related to psychology.

10. Social work presumably include a wide range of issues, including psychological, financial, health, relationship, and substance abuse problems.

Task 3. Answer the following questions according to the pattern. Use the words suggested:

Do we have to read this material for today? (No/for tomorrow) – No, we have to read it for tomorrow.

1) Do they perform a laboratory work now? (No/from 1 to 3)

2) Does the patient have to take this medicine once a day? (No/three times a day)

3) Does she have to take her children to school every day? (No/only four times a week)

4) Do you have to write a grammar test today? (No/tomorrow)

5) Do we have to come here at 8.30? (No/at 10)

6) Do they have to start the experiment now? (No/in a couple of days)

7) Do I have to read it out? (No/read it to yourself)

8) Do all the students have to present their reports at the same day? (No/only those whose names are on the list)

9) Do we have to wear a white gown all the time? (No/only during the doctor’s working hours)

10) Do I have to present my findings right now? (No/tomorrow)

Task 4. Express the obligation to do the following actions in the future. Use the words suggested:

I needn’t to do it now. (tomorrow) But I’ll have todo it tomorrow.

1. He needn’t go home now. (in an hour)

2. I needn’t return the book this week. (next week)

3. You needn’t switch on the light now. (in an hour when it gets dark)

4. We needn’t wear our white coats now. (in half an hour when we enter the laboratory)

5. He needn’t see the tutor at 2 o’clock. (at 4)

6. I needn’t go to work today. It’s my day-off. (tomorrow)

7. You needn’t speak about it now. (later)

8. You needn’t check the information right now. (a bit later)

9. She needn’t operate this equipment now. (tomorrow)

10. We needn’t write any tests today. (next week)

NOTE!

1. В отличие от must, выражающего обязательность или необходимость выполнения действия по собственному желанию, have to используется для выражения необходимости, являющейся результатом сложившихся обстоятельств:

- I have to get up early every morning because I live far from my work and it takes me about an hour to get there.

2. В отрицательном предложении mustn’t имеет значительно большую степень запрещения, чем don’t have to.

- You don’t have to hurry. There is plenty of time.

- You mustn’t hurry. It is dangerous for our life.

3. Глагол to be to имеет особые оттенки значения – обязательность выполнения действия в силу договоренности, плана и как неизбежность (что-то предстоит сделать, суждено):

- He was to come at 7 but he didn’t come at all.

- She dreamed of becoming a physician but evidently it wasn’t to be.

4. Вопрос с have to может быть построен двумя способами:

- Have/has... got to?

- Do/does... have to?

Оба варианта равнозначны, но первый вариант более свойственен American English.

Task 5. Give short negative answers followed by statements in which the words suggested are to be used:

Did you have to return the book to the library yesterday? (the day before yesterday) – No, I didn’t. I had to return it to the library the day before yesterday.

1) Did she explain have to explain her absence to the teacher? (to the Dean)

2) Did they have to arrive an hour ago? (two hours ago)

3) Did the social worker have to speak to all the members of the client’s family? (only his parents)

4) Did the social worker have to assess in the child academic, social, and emotional issues? (only emotional issues)

5) Did you have to go to the psychologist last week? (a fortnight ago)

6) Did he have to help all patient groups? (only groups who are affected by acute, chronic, and terminal illnesses)

7) Did you have to arrange everything for the meeting yourself? (my assistant/help)

8) Did the social worker have to record all the information about the client? (only the relevant one)

9) Did you have to learn this theoretical material for today? (for yesterday)

10) Did the social worker have to visit the child in foster care yesterday? (the day before yesterday)

NOTE!

Глаголы don't have to, don't need to, needn’t to близки своему значению. Они выражают отсутствие обязательности действия, вызванной внешними обстоятельствами или авторитетным мнением.

- The session starts at 10.30, so I don't have to leave home until ten.

- You don’t need to make a home visit to this client as the client will come to your office at 11 a.m.

Но если необходимо сказать, что какое-то действие необязательно было совершать, но его всё же выполнили, используется needn’t + Perfect Infinitive.

- You needn’t have spoken to him in such a rude manner.

Эти глаголы едва ли различаются по значению за исключением следующих особенностей употребления:

- ought to чаще выражает моральный долг, обязанность и поэтому стилистически «сильнее», чем should;

- за глаголом ought следует инфинитив с частицей to, а после should частица не ставится.

Значение	Примеры
Моральное обязательство, долг (moral obligation, duty)	A doctor ought to help the sick. The young should help the old.
Совет (advice)	You should be more careful in your statements. They are just a hypothesis.
Критика, упрёк (criticism, disapproval, reproach)	The temperature was very high, you shouldn’t let her go. You should have listened more carefully. In this case you could have avoided the overdosage.
Сожаление (regret)	I should have sent him a preprint of my report beforehand.

Task 6. Extend the statements according to the pattern. Use the words suggested:

Don’t take this medicine now. (in an hour) You should take this medicine in an hour.

1. Don’t drive so fast. (a bit slower)

2. Don’t take off your white gowns now. (when you leave the laboratory)

3. Don’t cross the road now. (when the lights turn green)

4. Don’t speak to the client now. (when he calms down)

5. Don’t write in pencil. (in ink)

6. Don’t copy the text now. (at home)

7. Don’t wake him up now. (in half an hour)

8. Don’t make an oral presentation. (a poster presentation)

9. Don’t rely on his calculations. (check them)

10. Don’t speak so loudly in a public place. (a bit quieter)

11. Don’t hesitate. (make up a decision at once)

12. Don’t smoke. (take care of your health)

Task 7. Extend the statements according to the pattern. Use the verb ought to and the words suggested in your sentences:

Mrs. Brown is not well. (see a doctor) She ought to see a doctor.

1) This student is so untidy. (be neater)

2) Mary is so selfish. (help her relatives)

3) He isn’t punctual. (come on time)

4) Your friend is very rude. (be more polite)

5) The client is so forgetful. (write down things)

6) These students are idle too often. (study more)

7) You work too much. (have a rest)

8) This doctor is very impatient. (more patient, especially while dealing with children and the old)

9) He is very careless about the claims. (more attentive to the claims)

Task 8. Use the appropriate modal verbs from this unit and the list of ideal qualities to give advice to your colleague on how to become a good clinical psychologist:

Úare courteous	Úexplain what is happening and why
Úturn up on time	Úsay honestly when they can’t help
Úspeak directly to service-users, not carers or personal assistants	Údo what they are going to do and don’t over promise
Ú don’t use jargon	Ú check out that they’ve been understood
Ú ‘open their ears’ and ‘think before they talk’	Úfind a mode of communication that works
Úlisten and ‘really hear’ and accept what clients are saying	Úare patient and make enough time to communicate with disabled service-users
Úrecognize the loss of dignity people experience when approaching social services for the first time and respond sensitively	Úunderstand the importance of privacy, peace and quiet and users’ and carers’ choice of meeting place
Úbuild trust, empathy and warmth	Úremember that young people may prefer to talk while doing something else.

Task 9. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Он должен сдавать экзамен сегодня, а не завтра. 2. Вы, вероятно, ошиблись. 3. Ему нужна бумага и ручка, чтобы записать сообщение. 4. Ты не имеешь права входить в лабораторию без халата. 5. Я, наверное, забыла рецепт дома. Могу я купить это лекарство без рецепта? 6. Нам следует проанализировать все данные ещё раз. 7. Необходимо подтвердить все результаты фактами. 8. Вскоре он сможет ходить, но сейчас ему нужен покой. 9. Мне приходится вставать очень рано, т.к. я должен приходить на занятия вовремя. 10. Психолог может помочь вам преодолеть вашу депрессию. 11. Вы должны рассказать мне о ваших страхах. 12. Ты обязан представить проект к понедельнику.

Reading and Speech Practice

Text 1 Description of Clinical Psychology

Clinical psychology is one field of psychology that deals with the understanding and treatment of abnormal behaviour. It is broad field that includes both practice and research. A clinical psychologist diagnoses and treats patients with psychological problems, and also trains, teaches, and conducts research in a hospital, clinic, school or office. In doing so, a clinical psychologist will apply the principles of psychology to assessment, prevention and rehabilitation of psychological distress, disability, dysfunctional behaviour and health risk behaviour.

A clinical psychologist is required to have received a PhD or PsyD before they may practice, which includes 4 to 6 years in graduate school and at least one year spent in clinical internships.

In approaching human problems clinical psychologists use a broad approach consisting of assessment, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, program development, administration and research. Clinical psychologists seek to develop and use a classification system of abnormal behaviour, to understand abnormal behaviour and its causes, and to find cures for abnormal behaviour. They cater to a broad population including children, adolescents, adults, the elderly, families, groups and disadvantaged groups. For example, a clinical psychologist must determine whether the behaviour that an individual exhibits is only a little unordinary, or whether it is abnormal in a way that will cause the individual problems. As well, once this factor has been determined the psychologist must determine how to go about treating someone who exhibits abnormal behaviour.

Clinical psychologists will use case studies, experimentation and testing to determine the above. Case studies are used in clinical work, as the client and the psychologist deal directly with each other. A case study is the investigation of a single individual that is conducted in order to draw general conclusions about the behaviour of that person. Case studies are essential for understanding the problems that people face and the best route of treatment for them.

Within their diagnosis process, the clinical psychologist uses scales, known as "clinical scales." As well, many psychologists are involved in the production of these scales and in improving the validity and reliability of them. Clinical scales measure abnormal behaviours that may be by-products of problems such as depression, hysteria, paranoia, schizophrenia and social introversion (shyness).

Clinical psychologists that work in the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behaviour can be considered mental health professionals that practice "psychotherapy." Psychotherapy is a formal relationship between a professional and an individual who is seeking help for their psychological problems.

Ethical standards are important in clinical psychology. A psychologist must conduct their activities in a highly ethical manner, and are required to be familiar with the ethical standards relevant to their activities. Some ethical matters that may be considered include confidentiality, guidelines in counseling women and children and guidelines in using animals in research for psychology.

Task 10. Study the following words and word combinations. Say what you know about these concepts:

Clinical residency – клиническая ординатура; to cater to – обслуживать, удовлетворять потребности; confidentiality - конфиденциальность, guidelines – рекомендации, основополагающие принципы; case study – изучение конкретного случая, исследование на конкретном примере; validity – правильность, достоверность; by-products – побочный эффект/результат; social introversion – социальная интровертированнсть.

Task 11. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents:

1. To use a broad approach	A. повышать надежность
2. To exhibit unordinary behaviour	B. разработать классификацию
3. To measure behaviours	C. осуществлять деятельность
4. To improve reliability	D. применять широкий подход
5. to go about doing sth	E. обслуживать кого-либо
6. to apply the principles to sth	F. демонстрировать необычное поведение; вести себя необычно
7. to conduct activities	G. подходить к чему-либо
8. to seek help for sth	H. измерять поведенческие параметры
9. to develop a classification	I. схема лечения
10. to cater to smb	J. применять принципы к чему-либо
11. route of treatment	K. искать помощь в решении чего-либо

Key: 1D; 2F; 3H; 4A; 5G; 6J; 7С; 8; 9B; 10E; 11I.

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