Positive form

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Subject  

Auxiliary verb shall/ will

Main verb in –ing form  

have been

Yes/No forms

Auxiliary verb shall/ will  

Subject  

Main verb in –ing form

have been

Negative form

Subject  

Auxilia- ry verb shall/ will  

Negative particle not

Main verb in –ing form  

have been

AffirmativeForm	InterrogativeForm	Negative Form
I shall/will have been doing	Shall/will I have been doing?	I shall/will not have been doing
You will have been doilig	Will you have been doing?	You will not have been doing
He (she, it) will have been doing	Will he (she, it) have been doing?	He (she, it) will not have been doing
We shall/will have been doing	Shall/will we have been doing?	We shall/will not have been doing
They will have been doing	Will they have been doing?	They will not have been doing

Future Perfect Continuous Tense in the Past

Subject

Auxiliary verb should/ would

  Main verb in the 3-d form

have

Positive form

Yes/No forms

Subject  

have

Auxiliary verb should/ would

Main verb in the 3-d form

Negative forms

Main verb in the 3-d form

Negative particle not

Subject  

Auxiliary verb should/ would

have

Affirmative Form	Interrogative Form	Negative Form
I should/would have done	Should/would I have done?	I should/would not have done
You would have done	Would you have done?	You would not have done
He (she, it) would have done	Would he (she, it) have done?	He (she, it) would not have done
We should/would have done	Should we have done?	We should/would not have done
They would have done	Would they have done?	They would not have done

Table X

Voice
The Active Voice	a person, an object perform an action themselves	Pete has broken the window	I ask I asked I shall ask
Do I ask? Did I ask? Shall I ask?
I do not ask I did not ask I shall not ask
The Passive Voice	an object of the action becomes a subject	The window has been broken by Pete	I am asked I was asked I shall be asked
Am I asked? Was I asked? Shall I be asked?
I am not asked I was not asked I shall not be asked

Active and Passive Voices

Passive Voice forms
	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	I am sent	I am being sent	I have been sent	-
Past	I was sent	I was being sent	I had been sent	-
Future	I shall be sent	-	I shall have been sent	-
Future in the Past	I should be sent	-	I should have been sent	-

Различие в употреблений страдательного залога в английском и русском языках

Английский язык	Русский язык
Действите-льныйзалог	Страдательный залог	Действитель­ный залог	Страдатель­ный залог
I gave him (ind.obj.) a book (dir.obj.)	1.The Direct Passive: The book was given to him	Я дал ему (косв. доп.) книгу (прям, доп.)	Книга была дана ему
2.The Indirect Passive: He was given a book	нет
They sent for the doctor	3. The Prepositional Passive: The doctor was sent for	Они послали за доктором	нет

Неличные формы глагола	The Infinitive	Itcorrespondsсоответствует неопределенной форме глагола в русском. языке	to swim
The Participle	соответствует причастию и деепричастию в русском языке	the girl swimming in the pool
The Gerund	подобного соот­ветствия в рус­ском языке нет	swimming

Table XI

Pronouns.

Personal pronouns	They have two cases: nominative and possessive and indicate a person and object	I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them
Possessive pronouns	They indicate that something belongs to a person or object. They have two forms: main and absolute	mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, ours
Indefinite pronouns	They indicate different degree of an object’s uncertainty or it’ feature. They can be simple and complex	some, any, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, something, anything, little, few, a lot of, all, every, both, either, neither
Reflexive pronouns	They are used when subject and object are the same person or object. They have singular and plural forms.	myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself
Demonstrative pronouns	they are used for differentiation of some definite object or its feature among others	this — these that — those such, the same
Interrogative pronouns	they are used to form questions	who, whom, whose, what, which, how much, how many
Reciprocal pronouns	They are used when you mean 2 persons	each other one another
Negative pronouns	They are used with animated and inanimated subjects	nobody, nothing

Personal pronouns
Nominative case:	Objective case:
I	я	ше	мне
you	ты	you	тебе
he	он	him	ему
she	она	her	ей
it	оно	it	ему
we	мы	us	нам
you	вы	you	вам
they	они	them	им

Possessive pronouns
singular	plural
my — mine
your — yours	our — ours
his — his	your — yours
her— hers	their — theirs
its — its

Indefinite pronouns
Simple	complex
all, both, few, one, either, any, every, many, some, neither, each, little, much, several	anybody, anything, everybody, everything, somebody, something, anyone, everyone, someone

Remember!	pronouns much, little and a little are used only with uncountable nouns
pronouns many, few, and a few are used with countable nouns

Indefinite pronouns
Pronoun	Use	Example
much, little, a little	with uncountable nouns	I have little time for dancing today
many, few, a few	with countable nouns	She told me many interesting facts about this writer
some	it is used in positive sentences in meaning «several, some quantity»	I have got some new pictures
in questions expressing request	Can I have some more tea?
any	In question semphasizingit	Have you got any new dresses?
Inpositive sentences	Take any cake you like
somebody, someone	they are used in positive sentences	Somebody, open the door!
anybody, anyone	they are used in questions	Isanybodyabsenttoday?
in negative sentences in combination with a particle not	Не didn’t see anybody in the room
in positive sentences	Anybody can do that
anything	it is used in questions	Can I do anything for you?
in negative sentences in combination with a particle not	Не could not find anything in the basket
in positive sentences	You can do anything you like
each	they are used with countable nouns in singular form	I asked each pupil to come (it means that each person was separately invited)
every	I asked every pupil to come (it means that all of them were invited)
everybody, everyone	they indicate a person	Kate knows everybody in our house
everything	it indicates an object and abstract things	Everything must be ready by 5 o’clock

Reflexive pronouns
Singular	Plural
Myself	ourselves
Yourself	yourselves
Himself
Herself	themselves
Itself

Demonstrative pronouns
Pronoun	Use	Example
	we use them to talk about people/things that are near to us	This is our house
this — these этот — эти	указывает на что- либо, относящееся к настоящему	Why don’t you come and see me some time. HowaboutthisSunday? Почему бы тебе не зайти ко мне ненадолго. Как насчет этого воcкресенья?
	указывает на последу­ющее высказывание	This is what she said Вот что она сказала
	we use them to talk about people/things that aren’t near us	That is our school
that — those тот — те	указывает на что- либо, относящееся к прошедшему	I was very hungry that day Я был очень голоден в тот день
	указывает на преды­дущее высказывание	Is that all you wanted to say? Это все, что ты хотел сказать?
such	it is used with a countable noun in singular form	Shaggy is such a clever dog
	with countable nouns in plural form	I have never seen such beautiful roses
same	it is used with the definite article	Read the same phrase once more

Interrogative pronouns
Pronoun	Use	Example
who	употребляется в отношении людей, не различая рода и числа	Who is here?
whom	it is used as direct and prepositional object	Whom did you see Ithere?
whose	it is used as an attribute	Whose car do you prefer to go in?
what	употребляется как существительное и как прилагательное	What are those strange objects in the distance? Что это за странные предметы вдалеке?
which	it is used as a noun and adjective	Which bus must I take for the zoo?
how much	it is used as a noun and adjective, but only with uncountable nouns	How much time do you need?
how many	it is used as a noun and adjective but only with countable nouns	How many boys took part in the concert?

Reciprocal pronouns
each other	it is used in the conversation about two persons	Kate and Nick saw each other every evening
one another	It is used when you mention about more than two persons	The five pupies liked one another very much

Negativepronouns
nobody, no one	They are used with animated things	There was nobody in the room
nothing	It is used with inanimated things	Iknownothingaboutit

Table XII

Questions: general, special

General questions

Question parts of the sentence

am, is, are, was, were, can, could, may, might, should, ought

Subject

The rest part of a predicate

Example: Can you help us? — Yes, I can.

Special questions
What? Who? Which?	question word — direct object	Whatdid you do in school?
Auxiliary verb Question word Question parts of thesen-tence Predicate   Subject
Why? When?	Question word — prepositional object	What are you talking about?
Preposition Question word Auxiliary verb Subject   Predicate
Where? How?	Question word — adverbial modifier	What house do you live in?
Question word   Secon-dary parts of the sentence   Auxiliary verb   Subject Predicate Prepo-sition
How much? How long?	Question word —subject	Who told you that?
Question Secondary parts of the sentence Predicate

Table XIII

Participle.

Present Participle (active and passive)	It expresses simultaneous action with a verb in impersonal form	Seeing that I was late, I hurried Being written in Spanish, the article was not easy to translate
Perfect Participle (active and passive)	It expresses an action proceeding предшествующее действию, выраженному сказуемым	Having asked a question the teacher was waiting for an answer Задав вопрос, учительница стала ждать ответа Having been asked the question the boy was thinking of an answerМальчикзадумалсянадответом, послетого, какемузадаливопрос
Past Participle (passive)	имеет только одну форму, имеет пассивное значение и соответствует русскому причастию страдательного залога	At our excursion we saw a building built many years ago На экскурсии мы увидели здание, построенное много лет назад

Disjunctive questions
повествовательное утвердительное предложение	краткий общий вопрос в отрицательной форме	Не is an engineer, isn’t he?
повествовательное отрицательное предложение	краткий общий вопрос в утвердительной форме	You didn’t go to the theatre yesterday, did you?

Сomparison degree of adjectives
	Positive degree	Comparative degree степень	Superlative degree
one syllable adjective прилагательные	new	newer	newest
two syllable adjectives ending in -er, -ow, -у, -lе	clever narrow happy simple	cleverer narrower happier simpler	cleverest narrowest happiest simplest
twosyllables andmore	beautiful	more beautiful	most beautiful

Irregulars
Positive degree	Comparative degree
good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
far	farther	farthest
about distance
far	further	furthest
about time and distance
near	nearer	nearest
about distance
near	nearer	next
about order
late	later	latest
about time
late	later	last
about order
old	older	oldest
about age
old	elder	eldest
about seniority in the family

Table XVII

Numerals. Дробиичасти

Количественные числительные
	one[wΛn]		nineteen [nain'ti:n]
	two [tu:]		twenty ['twenti]
	three [θri:]		twenty one ['twenti'wΛn]
	four [fᴐ:]		twenty two ['twenti'tu:]
	five [faiv]		thirty ['θә:ti]
	six [siks]		forty [‘fᴐ:ti]
	seven ['sevn]		fifty [fifti]
	eight [eit]		sixty ['siksti]
	nine [nain]		seventy ['sevnti]
	ten [ten]		eighty [‘eiti]
	eleven [l'levn]		ninety [‘nainti]
	twelve ['twelv]		one hundred ['wΛn hΛndrid]
	thirteen [θә:'ti:n]		one hundred and one ['wΛn hΛndrid әnd wΛn]
	fourteen [fᴐ:'ti:n]		two hundred ['tu: hΛndrid]
	fifteen [fifti:n]		one thousand [wΛn 'θauzәnd]
	sixteen [siks'tiin]		one thousand and one [wΛn 'θauzәnd әnd wΛn]
	seventeen [sevn'ti:n]		one million [wΛn 'miljәn]
	eighteen [ei'ti:n]

Порядковые числительные
	First [fә:st]		seventeenth [sevn'ti:nθ]
	Second ['sәkәnd ]		eighteenth [ei'ti:nθ]
	Third [θә:d]		nineteenth [nain'ti:nθ]
	Fourth [fᴐ:θ]		twentieth [twentiiθ]
	Fifth [fifθ]		twenty-first [twenti 'fәst]
	Sixth [siksθ]		thirtieth ['θә:tiiθ]
	Seventh [sevnθ]		fortieth [fᴐ:tiiθ]
	eighth [eitθ]		fiftieth [fiftiiθ]
	ninth [nainθ]		sixtieth ['sikstiiθ]
	tenth [tenθ]		seventieth ['sevntiiθ]
	eleventh [i'levnθ]		eightieth ['eitiiθ]
	twelfth [twelv hΛndrid]		ninetieth ['naintiiθ]
	thirteenth [θә:'ti:nθ]		hundredth [hΛndridθ]
	fourteenth [fᴐ:'ti:nθ]		hundred and first [hΛndrid әnd ‘fә:st]
	fifteenth [fifti:nθ]		hundred and twenty first [hΛndrid әnd twenti ‘fә:st]
	sixteenth [siks'ti:nθ]		thousandth [θauzsndθ]
Некоторые образцы прочтения сложных числительных
1.003	a/one thousand and three
340.258	three hundred and forty thousand, two hundred and fifty-eight
	five hundred and twelve
3.201	three thousand, two hundred and one
5.200	five thousand, two hundred
530.620	five hundred and thirty thousand, six hundred and twenty
404.000.000	four hundred and four million
100.000	a hundred thousand
1.001	a thousand and one идалеедо 1.099 — a thousand and ninety-nine
	a hundred and one идалеедо 199 — a hundred and ninety-nine
1.050	a/one thousand and fifty
1.150	one thousand, one hundred and fifty

Дроби ичасти
1/2	a half	2 ^l/4	two and a quarter
1/4	a quarter	1/3	one third
1/5	a/one fifth	2/3	two thirds
3/5	three fifths	2 ^l/7	two and one-seventh
1/10	a/one tenth	1 ^l/2	one and a half
7//10	seven tenths	2 ^l/2	two and a half
3.45	three point four five	в английском языке, в отличие от русского, после целого числа ставится не запятая, а следующий символ: «.»
0.75	о [ou] point seven five
34.75	thirty four point seven five

Таble XVIII

Direct and Indirect speech

Direct	Indirect
Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite
You operate so well	Не said I operated so well
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
I’m waiting for a doctor	She said she was waiting for a doctor
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
The mouse has stolen the cheese	She told me that the mouse had stolen the cheese
Past Indefinite	Past Perfect
I made the provisional diagnosis yesterday	Не told me that he had made the provisional diagnosis the day before
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
I’ve been waiting for years	She said she had been waiting for years
Future Indefinite	Future Indefinite in the Past
I shall study better	He said he would study better

Другие времена изменяются так же, то есть сдвигаются

в направлении прошедшего

Request or order	The teacher said to the pupil, ‘Go to the blackboard’	A noun or pronoun in objective case +infinitive	The teacher told the pupil to go to the blackboard
Negative form	We asked, ‘Mother, don’t be angry with us’	A particle not, before an infinitive	We asked mother not to be angry with us
Word-sentence «Yes»	Не said, ‘Yes, I shall do it’	verbs: to agree, to answer in the affirmative	Не agreed to do it   Не answered in the affirmative
Word-sentence «‘No’»	She answered, ‘No, I haven’t been there’	verbs: to reject, to refuse, to deny, to answer in the negative	She answered in the negative   She denied that she had been there

Таble XIX

The Conditional Mood

Present Conditional

should (would)

I form Verb

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