Some nouns derived from Greeck and Latin

Irregular nouns

Nouns having similar forms in singular and plural	deer — deer sheep — sheep swine — swine
Nouns ending on f and fe are changed for ves in plural forms	wolf — wolves wife — wives knife — knives
Nouns which change a vowel in the root without any addition of endings in plural form	man — men woman — women tooth — teeth goose — geese foot — feet mouse — mice
Nouns having only plural forms	trousers, glasses, clothes, spectacles, scissors, goods
Nouns having only singular forms	sugar, milk, money, weather, peace
Nouns child and ох are changed into plural forms by adding new endings	child — children ox — oxen

Remember!

Alveolus	alveoli
Analysis-	analyses
Bacterium	вacterium
Bacillus	bacilli
Datum	data
Coccus	cocci
Crisis	crises
Fungus	fungi
Nucleus	nuclei
Stimulus	stimuli

The indefinite article a, an
Use	Examples
With a noun which means a profession	My sister is a doctor
With a noun after th ere is,there was andthere will be	There is a big hospital in our district. There was a big hospital in our district. There will be a big hospital in our district.
In exclamations	What a nice evening! What a successful operation!
After such	It was such а wonderful day!
With a noun which means time, speed, weight, distance and so on…	I’ll be in a minute
With countable nouns in singular form (in this case it means a single or any object among other ones)	Take a pill, please
Before a common, proper noun or surname (in this case the article has the meaning “someone, some”)	A man wants to see you
Before word combinations good day, great deal, great many	a good deal, a great deal, a great many
With some expressions of quantity	a pair of, a little, a couple of, a few
We say “once a week,a day; a kilo”	about once a week, $ 1.50 a kilo, three times a day

Remember!

Some word combinations in which only the indefinite article is used.	Some word combinations in which only the definite article is used.
as a matter of fact;	totakethefloor;
to have a look;	to tell the time;
to have a smoke;	to tell the truth;
to have a mind to;	to play the piano (the violin,etc.);
to take a fancy to;	to take the trouble;
to have a headache (toothache, etc.)	to go to the theatre (the cinema);
to go for a walk;	in the distance;
to be in a hurry;	in the morning (the afternoon, the evening);
to be at a loss;	in the street, etc.
to be in a position to do smth.;

No article before nouns
Rules	Example
Before countable nouns in plural form	They are therapists These are very good flowers
Before uncountable nouns/ or people in general	Life begins early in Astana Crime is a problem in many countries Doctors are paid more than teachers
Before nouns breakfast, lunch, dinner, tea, supper, having the meaning of time and process of taking a meal	We have lunch at 11 a.m.
Before nouns bed, school, town, table, sea, which are usually used with prepositions and lost the meaning of an object	to go to bed
Before many other nouns in prepositional constructions	by train at night
Remember some verbal type expressions in which nouns are used without an article	to take place   to keep house
Before proper nouns	Moscow, France; Smith, Petrov
Before names of week days and months	Monday, Tuesday, January, February
When you address to a member of the family and relatives (Father, Mother, Aunt, etc.), and the nouns are usually written from the capital letter	Father! Can you help me?

Таble III

Regular and irregular verb form

Regular verbs (the 2d and 3d verb forms are changed by adding the ending ed to the 1 st form)
infinitive (the 1-st form)	Past Simple Tense (the 2-nd form)	Past Participle (the 3-d form)
to want	wanted	wanted

Irregular verbs the 2-nd and 3-d verb forms are different in spelling
the 1-st form	the 2-nd form	the 3-d form
The verb ends in a letter е tolive	the letter e is omitted when the ending ed is added
lived	lived
The verb ends in a letter у preceded by a consonant tostudy	the letter уis changed into i and the ending ed is added
studied	studied
The verb ends in a letter у preceded by a vowel to stay	the letter у is kept and the endinged is added
stayed	stayed
If the verb has only one syllable + one vowel+ one consonant, you need to double the consonant tostop	when you add ed the consonant is doubled in the ending
stopped	stopped

Exceptions: irregular verbs formed by different ways

I form	II form	III form
arise	arose	arisen
be	was, were	been
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bite	bit	bit
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
bring	brought	brought
build	built	built
draw	drew	drawn
dream	dreamt	dreamt
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
fly	flew	flown
forget	forgot	forgotten
get	got	got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hold	held	held
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
learn	learnt	learnt
leave	left	left
let	let	let
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
put	put	put
read [ri:d]	read [red]	read [red]
ride	rode	ridden
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
shake	shook	shaken
shine	shone	shone
shoot	shot	shot
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
smell	smelt	smelt
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
spread	spread	spread
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
swear	swore	sworn
swim	swam	swum
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
wind	wound	wound
write	wrote	written

Таble IV

Modal verbs

can (could)

may (might)

must

have to

be to

The Modal verbs

shall

should

will

ought to

need

Modal verbs’ usage
Name of a modal verb	Cases of usage	An example
can, could is the past of can	It expresses physical and mental ability	Canyouskate?
It expresses the ability to perform actions in the appropriate circumstances or in the future (especially to do suggestions)	You can see the forest through the other window
It expresses permission or request	Can I use your car? You can use my car
It expresses doubt and uncertainty	Can it be true?
It expresses incredibility	It саn^, t be true
may, might	It expresses permission	May I borrow your pen?
It expresses possibility (perhaps)	Не maybeill
It expresses disapproval or reproach	You might have helped me
must   must	It expresses obligation to do an action	You must talk to your daughter about her future
It expresses prohibition	Не must not leave his room for a while
It expresses emotional advice	You mustn’t miss the exhibition. Itisverygood
It expresses probability bordering with assurance	Your father must be eighty now
to have to	It expresses obligation	Не had to do it
An absence of obligation	You don’t have to go there
to be to	It expresses necessity proceeding from a beforehand plan or an agreement	We are to discuss it next time
It expresses an order and instructions (in indirect speech)	Не says I am to leave you alone
It expresses something what should be true	Не was to be my friend for many years to come
	It expresses an advice or suggestion	You ought to say a word or two about yourself
ought to	It expresses that a desirable action has not been done	You ought to have called on him yesterday
	It expresses that an undesirable action has been done	You oughtn’t to have married her, David. It "was a great mistake”
should	It expresses mild obligation, or advice	It’s late. You should go to bed
	It expresses refusal to do an action in negative sentences with a simple infinitive	The doctor knows I won’t be operated on
will (would)	It is used with inanimate objects in order to show that these objects can’t do their meaning	My pen wouldn’t write Моя ручка не пишет
	It expresses usual frequently repeating actions	She will sit for hours under the old tree
need	It expresses necessity in question and negative sentencesconcerning present and future tenses	You needn’t be afraid of me
	It expresses an action which has been done but there was no need to do it	You needn’t have Hurried

Table V

Present Simple

Past Simple

Future Simple

The surgeon operates patients

The surgeon operated patients yesterday He did an operation yesterday

The surgeon will operate patients tomorrow

Simple Tenses

Forms of Verb Tenses
Simple (Indefinite) Forms	Present Tense	Past Tense	Future Tense	Future in the Past
Continuous Forms
Perfect Forms
Perfect-Continuous Forms

Тable VI

Simple (Indefinite) Tenses

Present Simple	It expresses an action happening again and again, a fact that is always true. The actions don’t happen at the moment of speaking	We work in the hospital everyday
Past Simple	It expresses a finished action in the past, actions that follow each other in a story and a past situation or habit	The nurse did injections yesterday. The physician examined the patient, listened to the heart and measured theblood pressure. When I was a child, we lived in a small house by the sea.
Future Simple	It expresses an action which will happen in future	Tomorrow I shall visit my doctor
Future Simple inthePast	It is used in indirect speech concerning future actions	I thought that I should see you at the party

Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense

Positive form

  Subject

Infinitive verb form in the 1-st and 2-nd persons or in the 3-dsingular with ending - s

Yes/No form

Subject

Main verb in Infinitive form  

Auxiliary verb do/does

Negative form

Subject  

Auxiliary verb do/does  

Negative particle not  

Main verb in Infinitive form  

Affirmative Form	Interrogative Form	Negative Form
I write	Do I write?	I do not write
You write	Do you write?	You do not write
He (she, it) writes	Does he (she, it) write?	He (she, it) does not write
We write	Do we write?	We do not write
They write	Do they write?	They do not write

Past Simple (Indefinite) Tense

Positive form

Subject

Infinitive form with ending- ed

Yes/No form

Auxiliary verb did

Sub- ject

Main verb in Infinitive form  

Дата добавления: 2014-12-10