Упражнения. Рекомендуемые пра­ви­ла пре­об­ра­зо­ва­ния пред­ло­же­ний при пе­ре­во­де

Рекомендуемые пра­ви­ла пре­об­ра­зо­ва­ния пред­ло­же­ний при пе­ре­во­де

1. Ну­ле­вой пе­ре­вод при­ме­ня­ет­ся в ус­ло­ви­ях син­так­си­чес­кой или лек­си­ко-се­ман­ти­чес­кой не­умес­т­нос­ти вос­соз­да­ния ис­ход­ной фор­мы в еди­ни­цах пе­ре­во­дя­ще­го язы­ка.

2. Фун­к­ци­ональ­ная за­ме­на ис­поль­зу­ет­ся при час­тич­ном не­сов­па­де­нии струк­тур­но-се­ман­ти­чес­ких свойств той или иной син­так­си­чес­кой еди­ни­цы в ис­ход­ном и пе­ре­во­дя­щем язы­ках.

3. Перестановка компонентов предложения используется в слу­ча­ях не­сов­па­де­ния тра­ди­ций ак­ту­аль­но­го чле­не­ния пред­ло­же­ния в ис­ход­ном и пе­ре­во­дя­щем язы­ках.

4. Рас­п­рос­т­ра­не­ние при­ме­ня­ет­ся тог­да, ког­да уро­вень слож­нос­ти пред­ло­же­ния в ис­ход­ном язы­ке ни­же, чем тре­бу­ет­ся для дан­но­го кон­тек­с­та в пе­ре­во­дя­щем язы­ке.

5. Стя­же­ние при­ме­ня­ет­ся в том слу­чае, ког­да уро­вень слож­нос­ти ис­ход­но­го пред­ло­же­ния вы­ше, чем поз­во­ля­ют воз­мож­нос­ти пе­ре­во­дя­ще­го язы­ка для дан­но­го кон­тек­с­та.

6. Ан­то­ни­ми­чес­кий пе­ре­вод упот­реб­ля­ет­ся в слу­чае не­сов­па­де­ния ло­ги­чес­ких ха­рак­те­рис­тик ис­ход­но­го ска­зу­емо­го и ус­ло­вий ма­ни­фес­та­ции смыс­ла в пе­ре­во­дя­щем язы­ке.

7. До­бав­ле­ние при­ме­ня­ет­ся при на­ли­чии под­тек­с­та или им­п­ли­ци­ро­ван­ных ком­по­нен­тов зна­че­ния в ис­ход­ном тек­с­те, ес­ли пе­ре­во­дя­щий язык или ре­че­вая тра­ди­ция тре­бу­ют их эк­с­п­ли­ка­ции.

8. Опу­ще­ние ис­поль­зу­ет­ся при на­ли­чии в ис­ход­ном тек­с­те из­бы­точ­ных эле­мен­тов, ко­то­рые дол­ж­ны" быть им­п­ли­ци­ро­ва­ны в со­от­вет­с­т­вии с тре­бо­ва­ни­ями пе­ре­во­дя­ще­го язы­ка или ре­че­вой тра­ди­ции.

Упражнение 1: Пе­ре­ве­ди­те сле­ду­ющие пред­ло­же­ния, оп­ре­де­ляя не­об­хо­ди­мость и тип фун­к­ци­ональ­ной за­ме­ны син­так­си­чес­ких еди­ниц. Про­ана­ли­зи­руй­те вза­имос­вязь меж­ду син­так­си­чес­ки­ми пре­об­ра­зо­ва­ни­ями и не­об­хо­ди­мос­тью лек­си­ко-се­ман­ти­чес­ких при­емов.

1. То pro­tect the Con­s­ti­tu­ti­on from hasty al­te­ra­ti­on, Ar­tic­le V sti­pu­la­ted that amen­d­ments to the Con­s­ti­tu­ti­on be pro­po­sed eit­her by two-thirds of both ho­uses of Con­g­ress or by two-thirds of the sta­tes, me­eting in con­ven­ti­on.

2. Americans today think of the War for Independence as a re­vo­lu­ti­on, but in im­por­tant res­pects it was al­so a ci­vil war.

3. Although Cornwall's defeat did not immediately end the war - which wo­uld drag on in­con­c­lusively for al­most two mo­re ye­ars - a new Bri­tish go­ver­n­ment de­ci­ded to pur­sue pe­ace ne­go­ti­ati­ons in Pa­ris in early 1782, with the Ame­ri­can si­de rep­re­sen­ted by Be­nj­amin Fran­k­lin, John Adams and John Jay.

4. Ine­vi­tably, too, that wes­t­ward ex­pan­si­on of the Euro­pe­an co­lo­nists bro­ught them in­to con­f­lict with the ori­gi­nal in­ha­bi­tants of the land: the In­di­ans.

5. The Si­o­ux of the Nor­t­hern Pla­ins and the Apac­he of the So­ut­h­west pro­vi­ded the most sig­ni­fi­cant op­po­si­ti­on to fron­ti­er ad­van­ce.

6. Go­ver­n­ment po­licy ever sin­ce the Mon­roe ad­mi­nis­t­ra­ti­on had be­en to mo­ve the In­di­ans be­yond the re­ach of the whi­te fron­ti­er.

7. The vo­ices of an­ti-im­pe­ri­alism from di­ver­se co­ali­ti­ons of Nor­t­hern De­moc­rats and re­form-min­ded Re­pub­li­cans le­ma­ined lo­ud and con­s­tant.

8. I'm de­ad se­ri­o­us abo­ut tho­se ot­her guys, he con­ti­nu­ed grimly.

9. Having overseas possessions was a new experience for the Uni­ted Sta­tes.

Упражнение 2: Пе­ре­ве­ди­те сле­ду­ющие пред­ло­же­ния, об­ра­щая вни­ма­ние на не­об­хо­ди­мость пре­об­ра­зо­ва­ния син­так­си­чес­ких струк­тур с при­ме­не­ни­ем пе­рес­та­нов­ки, стя­же­ния или рас­п­рос­т­ра­не­ния.

1. It's pretty to­ugh to ma­ke pe­op­le un­der­s­tand you when you're tal­king to them with- two crab ap­ples in yo­ur che­eks.

2. Yos­sa­ri­an de­ci­ded not to ut­ter anot­her word, thin­king that it wo­uld be fu­ti­le.

3. He knew he was right, because, as he explained to Cle­vin­ger, to the best of his know­led­ge he had ne­ver be­en wrong.

4. It was a busy night; the bar was busy, the crap tab­le was busy, the ping-pong tab­le was busy.

5. It was a sturdy and com­p­lex mo­nu­ment to his po­wers of de­ter­mi­na­ti­on.

6. It was truly a splen­did struc­tu­re, and he throb­bed with a mighty sen­se of ac­com­p­lis­h­ment each ti­me he ga­zed at it and ref­lec­ted that no­ne of the work that had go­ne in­to it was his.

7. The­re we­re fo­ur of them se­ated to­get­her at a tab­le in the of­fi­cer's club the last ti­me he and Cle­vin­ger had cal­led each ot­her crazy.

8. In a bed in the small pri­va­te sec­ti­on at the end of the ward was the so­lemn mid­dle-aged co­lo­nel who was vi­si­ted every day by a gen­t­le, swe­et-fa­ced wo­man.

9. Most Ame­ri­cans we­re eit­her in­dif­fe­rent to or in­dig­nant at the pur­c­ha­se of Alas­ka from Rus­sia by Sec­re­tary of Sta­te Wil­li­am Se­ward, and Alas­ka was wi­dely re­fer­red to as "Se­ward's Folly" and "Se­ward's Ice­box".

10. The he­at pres­sed he­avily on the ro­of, stif­ling so­und.

Упражнение 3: Про­ана­ли­зи­руй­те сле­ду­ющие пред­ло­же­ния с точ­ки зре­ния при­ме­ни­мос­ти ан­то­ни­ми­чес­ко­го пе­ре­во­да и пе­ре­ве­ди­те их. Воз­мож­ны раз­ные ва­ри­ан­ты.

1. The war­rant of­fi­cer was unim­p­res­sed by the en­ti­re in­ci­dent and sel­dom spo­ke at all un­less it was to show ir­ri­ta­ti­on.

2. It se­emed the­re was a very lit­tle ba­sis to the­ir con­ver­sa­ti­on at all.

3. The Te­xan wan­ted ever­y­body to be happy but Yos­sa­ri­an and Dun­bar; he was re­al­ly very sick.

4. 'Who's com­p­la­ining?' McWatt ex­c­la­imed. 'I'm just trying to fi­gu­re out what I can do with it.'

5. For­ce is wrong, and two wrongs ne­ver ma­ke a right.

6. Just abo­ut all he co­uld find in fa­vo­ur of the army was that it pa­id well and li­be­ra­ted chil­d­ren from the per­ni­ci­o­us in­f­lu­en­ce of the­ir pa­rents.

7. It was im­pos­sib­le to go to the mo­vie with him wit­ho­ut get­ting in­vol­ved af­ter­ward in a dis­cus­si­on.

8. Do you hap­pen to know whe­re the ducks go when it gets all fi­ozen over?

9. I was too dep­res­sed to ca­re whet­her I had a go­od or bad vi­ew or wha­te­ver vi­ew at all.

10. He was too af­ra­id his pa­rents wo­uld an­s­wer, and then they wo­uld find out he was in New York.

Упражнение 4: Пе­ре­ве­ди­те сле­ду­ющий текст, при­ме­няя до­бав­ле­ние или опу­ще­ние там, где это не­об­хо­ди­мо, на­ря­ду с дру­ги­ми при­ема­ми. По­яс­ни­те при­ме­не­ние пре­об­ра­зо­ва­ний.

Riding the Black Knight was a li­vely Eas­ter Mon­day cus­tom which sur­vi­ved at As­h­ton in Lan­cas­hi­re un­til just the out­b­re­ak of the Se­cond World War. The ef­figy of a knight in black ar­mo­ur and a black vel­vet clo­ak was pa­ra­ded on ho­ise­back thro­ugh the stre­ets, ac­com­pa­ni­ed by mu­si­ci­ans and a com­pany of yo­ung men, mo­un­ted or on fo­ot, who rep­re­sen­ted the Knight's re­ta­iners. The pro­ces­si­on went ro­und the town, thro­ugh the stre­ets den­sely pac­ked with spec­ta­tors, and then to an open spa­ce, whe­re the ef­figy was dis­mo­un­ted, pel­ted with sto­nes and any ot­her handy mis­si­les, and fi­nal­ly shot to pi­eces with guns. Ac­cor­ding to the lo­cal tra­di­ti­on, the Black Knight rep­re­sen­ted Sir Ralph de As­she­ton, who li­ved in the fif­te­enth cen­tury and Sha­red with his brot­her, Ro­bin, the right of guld-ri­ding in the dis­t­rict to fi­ne or ot­her­wi­se pu­nish te­nants who al­lo­wed car­rgulds, or corn-ma­ri­golds to flo­urish upon the land. Sir Ralph is sa­id to ha­ve car­ri­ed out his duty with gre­at se­ve­rity, and to ha­ve ear­ned the hat­red of the pe­op­le the­reby. Even­tu­al­ly, he was kil­led in the stre­ets of As­h­ton by so­me ag­gri­eved per­son, which event the Ri­ding is sup­po­sed to com­me­mo­ra­te.

Упражнение 5: Срав­ни­те два сле­ду­ющих тек­с­та и оп­ре­де­ли­те пе­ре­вод­чес­кие при­емы пре­об­ра­зо­ва­ния син­так­си­чес­ких струк­тур, ис­поль­зо­ван­ные для пе­ре­во­да с ан­г­лий­с­ко­го язы­ка на рус­ский. Про­ана­ли­зи­руй­те ре­зуль­та­ты пре­об­ра­зо­ва­ния и пред­ло­жи­те свои ва­ри­ан­ты пе­ре­во­да.

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