Шевелева С.А

Выбивание диода в электрической установке

Наиболее характерными причинами электрического повреждения диода являются высокая скорость нарастания прямого тока diF/dt при его включении, перенапряжения при выключении, превышение максимального значения прямого тока и пробой структуры недопустимо большим обратным напряжением.

При высоких значениях diF/dt возникает неравномерная концентрация носителей заряда в структуре диода и, как следствие этого, локальные перегревы с последующим повреждением структуры. Основной причиной высоких значений diF/dt является малая индуктивность в контуре, содержащем источник прямого напряжения и включенный диод. Для снижения значений diF/dt последовательно с диодом включается индуктивность, которая ограничивает скорость нарастания тока.

Для уменьшения амплитудных значений напряжений, прилагаемых к диоду при отключении цепи, используется соединённые последовательно резистор R и конденсатор C – так называемая RC-цепь, подключаемая параллельно диоду.

Для защиты диодов от токовых перегрузок в аварийных режимах используются быстродействующие электрические предохранители

Вывод: В ходе работы выявлена и устранена неисправность выпрямительной установки (произведена замена пробитого диода), выпрямительная установка находится в рабочем состоянии.

Ш37 Деловой английский. Ускоренный курс: Учебник. – М.: Культура и спорт, ЮНИТИ, 1997. - 438 с.

ISBN 5-85178-053-3.

Учебник делового английского построен на реальных ситуациях делового общения с зарубежными партнерами. Представлены такие темы, как финансы, платежи, контракты, балансы, бухгалтерский учет, налоги банки и т.д.

За 200 часов (50 уроков) самостоятельных занятий читатель сможет освоить необходимую лексику и грамматические правила и вести деловые переговоры, переписку, обсуждать многие тематические вопросы и т.д.

ISBN 5-85178-053-3

ББК 88.2Aнгл-9

© С.А. Шевелева, 1997

© ЮНИТИ, 1997

Содержание

Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Unit one............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Meeting an English businessman................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Unit two............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

Speak with Englishmen!................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

Unit three....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

The Russia hotel........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Unit four......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

At the restaurant........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Unit five.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Small talk....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Unit six........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Making an appointment............................................................................................................................................................................................. 24

Unit seven...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26

Business.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26

Unit eight....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30

A business talk.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30

Unit nine......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

Details............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 35

Unit ten........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

Contract......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

Unit eleven..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43

Fax messages................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43

Unit twelve..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Telephoning................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Unit thirteen................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52

Travelling....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52

Unit fourteen................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 57

Passports........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57

Unit fifteen..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61

Luggage and customs.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61

Unit sixteen.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65

Meetings......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65

Unit seventeen.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 68

Hotel in London............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 68

Unit eighteen................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 71

Training programme.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71

Unit nineteen................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75

Trade finance................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 75

Unit twenty.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79

Banking.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79

Unit twenty one............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83

The Bank of England.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83

Unit twenty two............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 87

The underground.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 87

Unit twenty three.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91

The buses....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91

Unit twenty four............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 93

Changing money.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93

Unit twenty five............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 97

Hotel services................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 97

Unit twenty six............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 100

Madame Tussaud's.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 100

Unit twenty seven....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103

Accounting.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 103

Unit twenty eight........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 107

Balance sheets............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 107

Unit twenty nine......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 110

Taxes............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 110

Unit thirty.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114

Value added tax (VAT)............................................................................................................................................................................................. 114

Unit thirty one............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 118

Shopping...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 118

Unit thirty two............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 122

Entertainments........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122

Unit thirty three.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 125

The British pub........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 125

Unit thirty four........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127

Greenwich and the Thames...................................................................................................................................................................................... 127

Unit thirty five............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132

Business contacts....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 132

Unit thirty six.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 136

At the office................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 136

Unit thirty seven......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 139

The goods to be bought............................................................................................................................................................................................. 139

Unit thirty eight.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 142

Ordering the devices................................................................................................................................................................................................... 142

Unit thirty nine........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 146

Prices............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 146

Unit forty..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 149

Contracts in foreign trade......................................................................................................................................................................................... 149

Unit forty one.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 154

London taxis............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 154

Unit forty two.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 158

London and the City................................................................................................................................................................................................. 158

Unit forty three........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 162

Driving a car................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 162

Unit forty four............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 165

Windsor and Eton...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 165

Unit forty five.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 169

Payments in international trade.............................................................................................................................................................................. 169

Unit forty six............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 172

Problems settled.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 172

Unit forty seven.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 176

Mass media................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 176

Unit forty eight........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 180

Financial news............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 180

Unit forty nine............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 183

A visit to Oxford......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 183

Unit fifty....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 186

Good-bye to London................................................................................................................................................................................................. 186

English-Russian Vocabulary.................................................................................................................................................................................... 188

English-Russian phrases on business...................................................................................................................................................................... 224

Introduction

Дорогие читатели!

Если вы когда-либо изучали английский язык и практически его забыли, но сейчас вам нужен английский язык для делового обще­ния, мы надеемся, что именно этот учебник поможет вам.

Учебник построен на реальных ситуациях общения с англий­скими и американскими бизнесменами в России, Англии и США. В нем представлены такие темы, как:

• Обучение специалистов

• Финансирование внешней торговли

• Платежи

• Контракты, запросы, предложения

• Посещения фирм и предприятий

• Финансовая деятельность

• Балансы, бухгалтерский учет

• Банки и т.д.

Учебник содержит диалоги по этим темам, деловую перепис­ку, а также интересные страноведческие сведения.

Учебник поможет вам вести деловые переговоры, телефон­ные деловые разговоры, а также активно участвовать в различ­ных деловых встречах.

К текстам даются словарные пояснения, грамматические правила и упражнения. Они помогут вам лучше запомнить слова и научиться правильно употреблять их в своей речи, а также по­нимать собеседника, говорящего на английском языке.

Приводится также общий словарь слов и словосочетаний, вошедших в учебник, и краткий словарь деловой лексики по темам, изучаемым в учебнике.

При создании учебника автор использовала свой практиче­ский опыт общения с зарубежными бизнесменами и опыт пе­дагогической работы по обучению взрослых деловому общению на английском языке.

ЖЕЛАЕМ УСПЕХОВ В ИЗУЧЕНИИ ДЕЛОВОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО!

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