Независимый причастный оборот. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот. Объектный инфинитивный оборот

Грамматика.

III. Разбейте текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте их.

IV. Расскажите об электрическом токе, используя следующие выражения:

to produce a source of continuous current, the current direction, the flow of moving electrons, the unit of electric pressure, alternating current, direct current, static electricity, electric current.

VI. Составьте аннотацию к тексту, используя подходящие клише из представленных ниже:

the characteristics of … are discussed, the use of … is discussed, the requirements of … are examined, the effects of … explained, the method of … is introduced, data on … are presented, the relation between … is examined, the significance of … is examined, the application of... is discussed, a comparison is made between …, special attention is given to …

Упражнения.

I. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот:

1. Accuracy having been infinitely improved through increased use of microwaves and the development of electron tubes capable of handling such wavelengths, the usefulness of radar has been considerably expanded.

2. The vast majority of students being provided with living allowances from the state, they do not have to call on their parents for material help.

3. The humanities, the natural and exact sciences are today penetrating more into the sphere of social phenomena, no modern scientist being able to get along without understanding society and man’s place in it.

4. Automation having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.

5. As the radium decomposed, it passed through several stages forming new substances, lead being the final product.

6. Electrical machines perform a giant’s share of the work done today, this share steadily increasing.

7. Atmospheric air being put under increased pressures, its volume is reduced according to Boyle’s law.

8. Temperature remaining the same, the volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure.

9. Zing being the cheapest metal with a strong tendency to lose electrons, we commonly use it for the production of electric current.

10. Many technical and scientific problems having been solved, the first spaceflight could be realized.

11. Radium having been discovered, scientists found that the effects produced by it were caused by the break-up of its atoms.

12. Vast sums being spent on education in our country, our state is able to provide qualified specialists for all branches of industry.

II. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие объектный инфинитивный оборот:

1. We know television to be widely used both in everyday life and in industry.

2. Television requires to be sent by means of electricity.

3. We know the electric current to flow in metal parts.

4. The engineer wants the new devices to be tested in the laboratory.

5. We know radio to play a great part in human life.

6. They wanted the device to be examined carefully by experts.

7. The electric pressure of lightning causes the current to pass through the air.

8. The operator considered the amplifier to be powerful enough for the given operation.

9. We heard geophysicist do prospecting by means of radio instruments.

10. Light causes electrons to be knocked out from the metal coating into the cathode ray tube.

11. We know our earth to revolve around the sun.

12. At present we know heat to be a form of energy.

III. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие субъектный инфинитивный оборот:

1. All bodies are known to possess weight.

2. The friction in the pulley is supposed to be neglected.

3. The acceleration is said to be positive when the force is supplied by the motor to speed up the car

4. The new invention is expected to produce great changes in industry.

5. The expert was expected to answer the question at once.

6. The instrument to be described here was developed several years ago.

7. This instrument is considered to be useful for different purposes.

8. An object is said to be hot if its temperature is higher than that ofour body.

9. The amount of energy in a given body is known to depend on the nature of the body.

10. The internal energy appears to be associated with the configurations of the particles of which the atom is composed.

11. An object seems to be cold if its temperature is much lower than that of our body.

12. Under certain conditions heat is expected to produce a change of state without any change of temperature.

IV. Превратите следующие фразы в предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот, например:

It is known that industrial electronic equipment plays an important role. - Industrial electronic equipment is known to play an important role.

1. It is said that industrial electronic is a comparative newcomer to industrial plants.

2. It is known that electronic devices control the stream of electrons.

3. It is assumed that vacuum tubes are basic elements in numerous technical devices.

4. It is considered that vacuum tubes are indispensable in industrial control.

5. It is likely that electronic equipment will find en ever growing application.

6. It seems that the application of semiconductors is almost infinite.

7. It is known that the basis of our modern civilization lies in the use of machinery.

INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

Industrial electronic equipment isknown to play a very important role today. A comparative newcomer to industrial plants, the major developments in industrial electronics having taken place since World War II, this electronic equipment has been directly responsible for saving millions of man and machine hours and millions of pounds of critical materials.

Hundreds of electronic equipments are now available to science and various industries to help do jobs better or more economically or to take over jobs that could not be done otherwise.

The application, use, and proper maintenance of the many electronic equipments now in industrial use demand a certain knowledge to be had of the fundamentals of various standard electronic equipments.

Wе already know that in motors, incandescent lamps, transformers, etc., the electricity always flows in 'the copper wire or other metal parts. But consider lightning, where electricity seems to jump through space. The great electronic pressure of lightning forces the electric current to pass through the air. In the same way, inside any radio tube, tiny electric currents are made to pass through the space, separating certain parts in the tube. Such action - where electricity appears to flow through space instead ofbeing confined to metal conductors or circuits - is said to be electronic.

Why is it called electronic? Years ago, scientists who were trying to explain how electricity passed through space, imagined such an electric current to be a steady stream of tiny electrical particles. They called these particles electrons. Today, any electric current is believed to consist of countless numbers of electrons. Only when electricity passes through space, when the stream of electrons comes out of the metal into the open, such action said to be electronic. For a device to be called electronic, electricity must flow across the space inside the device and be controlled by that device.

In ordinary air, electrons can be made to jump through space only by pressure of high voltage. But if inclosed in a tube from which the air has been removed, the electrons flow across the space more easily. All tubes must bе carefully sealed for the desired conditions to be maintained inside the tube. Most of the small tubes are vacuum tubes, the larger ones usually containing mercury or other vapour.

Some electric lights are electronic. The common incandescent light bulb is not considered to be electronic even though it is enclosed like a radio tube, for the electric current flows entirely within the metal filament. In contrast, the fluorescent lamp is electronic, its light being produced bу the action of electric current flowing through the space between the two ends of the lamp.

Electronics as a science is not new, for radios, sound pictures, fluorescent lights, etc. are known to depend upon electronics. However, the recent developments based on electronics require a better understanding of the subject in general.

Лексико-грамматический комментарий

newcomer - новичок

but consider lightning - но давайте рассмотрим молнию

force – вынуждать, заставлять

in the same way – таким же образом

electric currents are made to pass – электрический ток вынужден

проходить

electrons can be made to jump можно заставить электроны

through space - перескакивать через пространство

Вопросы и задания

I. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the role of industrial electronics of today?

2. During what period did the major development in industrial electronics take place?

3. What are the requirements concerning the use and maintenance of electronic equipment?

4. How does electricity flow inside a radio tube?

5. What action is said to be electronic?

6. How can electrons be made to jump through space in ordinary air?

7. Why isn't common incandescent lamp considered to be electronic?

8. Why is the fluorescent lamp considered to be electronic?

II. Верны ли следующие утверждения?

1. The role of industrial electronics has sharply decreased since World War II.

2. The action is said to be electronic when electricity flows in the copper wire or other metal parts.

3. It is more difficult for the electrons to flow across the space from which air has been removed than through the ordinary air.

4. In any fluorescent lamp electricity flows entirely within the metal filament.

III. Составьте аннотацию к тексту, используя подходящие клише из предоставленных ниже:

review is presented, possibilities are analyzed, results are evaluated, the behaviour of... is discussed, results are reported, the significance of … is examined, the properties of... have been investigated.

Грамматика.

Дата добавления: 2015-03-29