Страдательный залог. Объектный инфинитивный оборот. Полифункциональные слова as, that, should

I. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие страдательный залог; определите время глагола:

1. The substances obtained were subjected to a chemical change.

2. Some weather sputnics will be launched this year.

3. Substances can be changed from one state to another.

4. The positive particle in the nucleus was given the name of the "proton".

5. We were shown a number ofexperiments illustrating the presence of high-energy particles in the cosmic radiation.

6. The early works of Tsiolkovsky were followed by a number of very important works in the field ofastronautics.

7. The modern scientific forecasts of weather can be fully relied upon.

8. The neutron is completely uneffected by a magnetic field.

9. A gas may be looked upon as the vapour of a liquid with a very low boiling point or very great vapour pressure.

10. According to the law of conservation of energy, the energy present in the universe has always existed.

11. In our scientific age great progress is being made in the study of outer space.

II. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие инфинитивный оборот:

1. Wе know Franklin to have invented the lightning rod.

2. We expect most bodies to expand when heated.

3. Here is another example to be considered.

4. Up to the middle of the 18th century the measurement of temperature and that of the quantity of heat were considered to be one and the same thing.

5. The substances to be burnt must be raised in temperature till the ignition point is reached.

6. When the bodies are brought into contact, we expect the warmer body to get cold while the colder one will be warmed.

7. We know heat to be a form of energy.

8. We know Coulomb to have made direct measurements ofthe attractive and repulsive forces between the electrified object.

9. One expects a voltmeter to have very high resistance.

10. Weknow Lomonosov to have worked on the problems of electricity.

III. Переведите предложения, содержащие полифункциональные слова as, that, should:

1. Atoms make up the air that man breathes, the food that he eats, the ground on which he walks.

2. A further discovery was that the atoms combined in small numbers and formed molecules.

3. The physical form of an element has no connection with that of the compound.

4. It is necessary that an engineer should know the properties of engineering materials.

5. While making an experiment a physical quantity should be recorded just as accurately as it has been measured.

6. We were told we should make experiments under the directions of a skilled instructor.

7. I should like to carry on my research work in the field of engineering materials.

8. As the radium decomposed, it passed through several stages forming new substances, lead being the final product.

9. If conductors are connected in parallel, the electron stream splits as it enters the parallel wires.

10. As mercury is commonly used in barometers, air pressure is often recorded in centimetersof mercury.

11. As the atmosphere is principally heated from below, the temperature normally decreases as the altitude increases by several thousand feet.

12. As far as we know, the oil that we obtain will not last more than a few centuries.

TELEVISION

The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means "far", and the Latin word "visio" - "seeing". It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know television to be widely used both in everyday life and in industry, in scientific work, etc.

The progress of television since 1929 up to the present time has been rapid. Television requires pictures to be sent by means of electricity. Pictures are made up of light and darkness. We should have some device which will change light into electricity, so that we can send it over wires or by radio. A number of different devices will do this for us, one of them being the photoelectric cell.

The photoelectric cell is a special kind of electronic tube in which light will cause an electric current to flow. If there is no light, there will be no current, but when there is light on the photoelectric cell, the current will increase as the light is made brighter. Even with a very bright light the amount of current is exceedingly small, but that does not matter because we can amplify the current of the photoelectric cell and obtain as much current as we require. If we amplify the current sufficiently, we can cause it to light an electric lamp and make the lamp's light proportional to that shining on the photoelectric cell.

It seems natural to consider sending sections of the picture, one after another, natural because we do this ourselves when we read. If we look at a page in a book, we get no meaning from it until we start to scan it one word at a time along the line of print. As our eyes move, we see words appear one after the other until we read the end of the line when our vision jumps quickly to the line below. When we have reached the last line of the page, we start again at the top of the next page. In this way we scanned the pages line by line.

The same method can be used for pictures to be sent by electricity. The sensitive spot of the photoelectric cell can be moved across the field of the picture, one spot at a time, line by line until the whole picture has been covered. If the reproducing lamp is moved in the same way, the picture will be built up, one spot at a time and line by line. The fundamental method of transmitting pictures by television, therefore, consists in analyzing the picture into elements, sending their equivalent light values by electrical means, reconverting them into light elements and reassembling the picture again. The whole process must be carried out so rapidly that the eye sees a continuous picture.

In 1928 television in colour was first demonstrated, taking advantage ofthe fact that red, green and blue are primary colours from which every visual colour can be built up by combination. At present, colour TV is being widely introduced, replacing the black and white TV. The future certainly belongs to colour TV.

In the early days of TV, sets were physically large but screens were small, and, in fact, the 10-inch version reigned supreme for a long time. As TV reached more people, the demand for a larger screen soon followed and set picture size went up considerably. For a short period of time even this was not enough, and projection systems became the vogue.

At present there are in current use portable TV sets and living room sets. These are ac-powered and use vacuum-tube circuits. There are also fully portable sets, that is, sets that are not dependent on the ac-line as a source of power for operation (although they all can be operated in this fashion, if desired).

The key to the fully portable TV set is the transistor and the low-power-consumption cathode ray tube (CRT). As is well known, the transistor is perfectly capable of full operation at reasonably low supply voltage (about 12v.) and a lot of basic research has gone into the development of a low-power CRT.

Лексико-грамматический комментарий

so that – так чтобы

a number of – ряд

cause – вызывать, заставлять

that does not matter – это не имеет значения

as much as – столько сколько

one word at a time – по одному слову за раз

take advantage of – воспользоваться, использовать

reign supreme – доминировать

set picture size – размер телевизионного изображения

become the vogue – стать модным, популярным

be in current use – использоваться в настоящее время

ac-powered – работающие от переменного тока

dependent on the ac line for operation - их функционирование

зависит от линии переменного тока

low supply voltage – низкое напряжение питания

a lot of basic research has gone – для разработки экономичных into the development КЛТ потребовалось провести

of a low-power CRT - множество фундаментальных исследований

Вопросы и задания.

I. Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the photoelectric cell?

2. What does the principle of television require?

3. Why do we have to amplify the current of the photoelectric cell?

4. How are pictures to be sent by television?

5. Why should the process of analyzing and reassembling the picture be carried out very rapidly?

6. What fact was taken advantage of in colour television?

7. What were the drawbacks of earlier TV sets?

8. What is the key to the fully portable TV set?

II. Верны ли следующие утверждения?

1. Although television is widely used in everydaylife it is hardly used in industry or scientific work.

2. In the photoelectric cell the current decreases as the light is made brighter.

3. The speed of reassembling the television picture is not important.

4. At present colour television is in а somewhat limited usage.

5. In the early days both television and their screens were very small.

III. Разбейте текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте их.

IV. Составьте аннотацию к тексту, используя подходящие клише из перечисленных ниже:

characteristics of... are discussed, the use of... is discussed, the requirements of... are examined, the effects of... are explained, the method of … is introduced, data on... are presented, the effect of... is evaluated, applications of … are examined.

Грамматика.

5. Страдательный залог. Модальные глаголы. Инфинитив.

Упражнения.

I. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие страдательный залог:

1. Our country's successes in the construction of hydropower stations have been universally recognized.

2. The weight of the atom is almost entirely concentrated at its centre in the nucleus.

3. If a piece of material is struck by rays of light, electrons will leave the material.

4. The future of astronautics will be a logical continuation of what has already been achieved.

5. Two methods of reproducing sound have already been achieved.

6. Nearly all properties of matter are affected in some degree by temperature changes.

7. Automation is being introduced in building work.

8. The new block of flats was being built at the time of our holidays.

9. We were informed that many scientists were working at the problem of radioactivity.

10.Elimination of the housing shortage which is being realized at present is a problem of great importance.

11.More and more is being learned about outer space and conditions for life there.

12.Numerous new instruments are being used in many branches of science and technology.

II. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы:

1. A model of the proposed chamber may be made of the transparent plastics so that flow through the chamber can be observed or photographed.

2. Surging must be avoided when the aircraft is put into a dive.

3. An axial compressor cannot be run at too high speed.

4. We may say that a gas turbine engine comprises three main sections.

5. Changes in the shape of the chamber can really be made.

6. Blade vibration may become dangerous.

7. The thrust can be varied by the pilot.

8. Conditions must be studied to find the best fuel.

9. The method described above also enables us to obtain a better value for a frition constant.

10. The rocket is able to travel in a vacuum even better than it can through the air.

11. The speed has to be reduced.

12. The spaceship has to overcome the gravity.

III. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива:

1. То economize on transmitted power and to provide accurate target reporting, Rg energy is concentrated in a very narrow beam by the antenna system.

2. Experiments on the improvement of radar equipment began to be made during World War II.

3. It is possible to control flights of aircraft by means of ground-based radar.

4. Radio waves may be made to perform many services more or less closely related to communication.

5. To design, construct and operate а radar system is a great technical achievement.

6. Astronomers use radar to explore the universe.

7. The Greek philosopher Phales was the first to record the fact that objects which were electrically charged would attract each other at that time the only known way to generateelectricity was by friction on amber.

8. The first thing to be noted when considering the chemical properties of metals is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity.

9. At sea level our atmosphere presses with sufficient force to support a column of mercury 78 centimeters high.

10. To supply the most important and universal demands for oxygen does not cost a cent, it is as free as the air because it comes from the air.

11. It is often possible to build (synthesize) a compound directly from its elements or to separate (analyze) a compound into its elements.

12. To launch the satellite we had to make use of the step principle.

13.

LIGHT

Light consists of waves of the same sort as radio waves, infrared rays, ultra-violet waves, Х-rays and gamma rays. All these are electromagnetic waves of different wave lengths. Radio waves and heat rays are not visible because they are too long. Light waves are of just the right 1ength to affect our eyes, and so we can see light. X-rays and gamma rays are too short to be visible.

As we move down the scale of wave length from the very long ones, like radio waves, to the very short ones, like X-rays and gamma rays, we find that they become more and more powerful. For example, ultra-violet waves are invisible, and are shorter than those of ordinary light waves. They are present in sunlight, but fortunately most of them are stopped by the outer atmosphere of the earth because in large doses they can damage human skin. X-rays and gamma rays are more dangerous still because of their extremely short wave length. X-rays are so powerful that they can travel through many substances that are opaque to light. They can, forexample, pass through flesh and show up the bones inside.

Although light shows many of the properties of waves it also behaves sometimes as if it consisted of little particles, only they are not made of any substance but energy. These little packets of energy are called "photons", and the amount of energy in each is called a "quantum". There is much more energy in a quantum of X-rays than there is in a quantum of light or radio waves, and this explains why X-rays can damage the body, whereas radio waves have no effect on us.

Strangely enough, we can no more see light waves than radio waves. We only see light when the waves enter our eyes and stimulate our optic nerves. We can see the objects around us because they reflect the light which falls on them so that some of the rays are directed into our eyes. You can see light in the air because it is scattered by the dust particles, but a beam of light in a vacuum is quite invisible.

We get nearly all our heat and light from the sun. The moon sometimes is very bright, but it does not give out its own light like the sun. It merely reflects the sunlight which falls on it, just as a ping-pong ball will reflect thelight of a lamp.

Bodies such as the sun, fires, lighted lamps, which give out their own light, are given the special name of “luminous” bodies. The moon and all ordinary objects are not luminous because they do not give out their own light.

Лексико-грамматический комментарий

of the same sort – того самого вида

light waves are of just the – световые волны имеют как раз ту волну, right length to affect our eyes которая позволяет воздействовать на органы зрения

X-rays and gamma rays are too – рентгеновские и гамма лучи

short to be visible слишком короткие, чтобы их можно было зрительно воспринимать

from the very long ones … to – от очень длинных … до очень the very short ones коротких

because of their extremely из-за их чрезвычайно коротких длин волн short wave length …--

… only they are not made of – только они состоят не из вещества, а из any substance but energy энергии

they are present – присутствуют

strangely enough – довольно странно

we can no more see … light – мы не можем видеть … световые волны, waves than radio waves так же как и радиоволны

as if it consisted – как будто он состоит

Вопросы и задания.

I. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и словосочетания:

Дата добавления: 2015-03-29