Classification of e vowels according to the position of the lips and tongue

SENTENCE STRESS, OR ACCENT

Sentence stress is a greater prominance of words which are made more prominant in the intonational group. The prominance of accented words is achieved through the greater force of utterance and changes in the direction of voice pitch.

The difference between stress and accent is based on the fact that in the case of str, the dominant perceptual component is loudness. In the case of accent it is pitch.

Nuclear sress is the strongest- it carries the most important information. Non-nuclear stresses are subdivided into full and partial. Full stress occurs only in the head of intonational group, partial stress occurs also in the prehead and tail.

Nouns, adj, numerals, interjections, demonstative pronouns, emphatic pronouns, possesive Притяжательный pronouns (absolut forms), interrogative вопросительный pronouns, indefinite pronouns: somobody, someone, something (used as subject), indef negat pronouns: no, none, no one nobody, indef pronouns some, any (expressing quality), deferminatives: all, each, every, other, either, both, proclitics: much, many, a little, a few, notional verbs, auxiliary вспомогательный verbs (negat contracted forms), two-word prepositions, two-word conjunctions, particles:only, also, too, even, just are usually stressed.

The words that are usually unstressed: personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, relative pronouns, possesive pronouns(conjoint form), indef pronouns: somebody, someone, something, anyone (used as object), indef pronouns some, any (when expressing quantity), auxiliary verbs (affirmative form), one-word prep and conjunctions, articles, particles: there, to., modal verbs (contracted forms and general questions are exceptions).

The meaning of the verbs may, should must changes depending on whether they are stressed or unstressed: you may go.

Stress in utterance providethe basis for understanding the content, they help to perform constitutive, distinctive, indentificatory function of intonation.

I. THE MAIN EFFECTS OF LIP ROUNDING ON THE SHAPE OF THE MOUTH:

a) to enlarge the oral cavity b) to diminish the size of the oral cavity.

According to the position of the lips vowels are classified into:

a) rounded

b) unrounded.

The E. rounded vowels are: <u>, <u:>, < o; o:>. The Russian vowels are protruded vowels –o, -y. The general pattern is that the front and open vowels are articulated with spread to neutral lip-position while back vowels have rounded lips.

II. ACCORDING TO THE POSITION OF THE TONGUE.

It can move forward and backward, it may be raised and low in the mouth cavity. Rus. scientists divide V. according to the

a)horizontal movements of the tongue.

b)vertical movements of the tongue.

a) When the bulk of the tongue moves backwards and the back part of the tongue is raised highest towards the hard palate, front V. are produced.

They are subdivided into:

- fully front –[i:,e,эе]

- front retracted втягивать [i]

In the production of centr. V. the tongue is almost flat. Central V. are [3:, ə, Λ].

b)According to the vertical movements of the tongue v. are subd-ed into:

- high [I:, I, u:, u], Rus. [и, у, ы];

- mid-open or half-open: [e, ə:, e(u), ə(a), ə], Rus. [э, о]

- low-open: [Λ, эе, a(i), a(u), a:, о:, o(i)], Rus [a].

Each of the subclasses is subdiv. into V. of narrow variation, and v. of broad var-on:

- high narrow variation [i:],[u:]; Rus. [ы, и, у]

- high broad variation [i], [u]

- mid narrow variation [e, ə:, e(u)], Rus. [э]

- mid broad variation [eə, o: ə], Rus [o]

- law narrow var [Λ, o(i)]

-law broad variation [a:, o, эе, a(i), a(u)] Rus. [a]

The rus. [э] is on the boarderline between narrow and broad midvowels., [o] is on the boaderline between mid-open and open.

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