The power mechanism

The function of the power mech consists in the supply of energy in the form of air pressure and in regulating the force of the air stream. The pow mech includes the following organs of respiration:

1. The diaphragm ['daiəfræm] - диафрагма

2. The lungs 3. The brunchi

4. The trachea [trə'ki:ə] - трахея

5. The glottis – the opening between the vocal chords - голосовая щель

6. The pharynx ['færiŋks] - глотка, зев

7. The mouth cavity 8. The nasal cavity

Inhalation takes place because the chest expends due to the action of the diaphragm and chest muscles. As the result of this expansions the air pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure of the surrounding atmospheric air and the latter rushes into the lungs and fills them, so that the pressure is equalized.

Then the diaphragm and the chest muscles are relaxed. The lungs are contracted (стянуты), the air pressure in them becomes greater than the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere and the air which is in the lungs rushes out forming a stream which passes through the bronchi, the windpipe (дыхательное горло), the glottis and the mouth or nasal cavities. This is exhalation. Thus the process of breathing consists of 2 alternating phases: inhalation, exhalation.

THE VIBRATOR MECH. The air stream provided by the lungs undergoes import modifications in the upper stages of the respiratory tract (дыхательные пути). First of all it passes through, sets into action vibrator mech, which is posed in the larynx (гортань). As the air is exhaled from the lungs it is fed under pressure into the larynx through the wind pipe. In addition to constituting the bases of the spectral and pitch components, the vocal cords as part of the vibr mech participate in forming its intensity component as well.

(7, 9) THE SECOND COMPONENT OF THE PH SYSTEM OF ENGLISH

The second component of the phonic structure of language is the syllabic structure of its words both in citation forms and in utterances. The syllabic structure of words has two inseparable aspects:

1. Syllable formation; 2. Syllable division.

Both aspects are sometimes covered by the term syllabification. The study and description of how syllables are formed and separated is part of the description of phonic substance of language.

Lang-s may differ from one another both in syllable formation and syl division. Differences in syl formation involve differences in the compacity (соединение) of speech sounds to form syl in different positions. E.g. the cons [m] is syll in the word rythm, whereas the similar Rus sound [м] is nonsyllabic in the same position in the Rus equivalent of the same word ритм.

Differences in syllabic division involve differences in the position of the point of syllable division or the syllasbic boundary and in the types of the resulting syllables mainly open and closed, e.g. [mani] in which the 1 syllable is closed and [мани] in which the 1 syll is pen.

In E differences in syl division may perform a distinctive function.

The third component is the Accentual structure of its words as items of vocabulary. The accentual structure of words has 3 aspects:

- The physical nature of word accent

- The position of the accent in dissyllabic and polysyllabic words.

- The degrees of word accent.

The position of the accent of different degrees in dissyllabic and polysyllabic words is an extremely important aspect. Especially in one with the so-called free word accent, a lang in which the accent may fall on any syllable in different words. as is the case in E and Russian, e.g. ‘dictionary, ho’tel, яблоко, звезда. In such lang-s word accent performs not only the constitutive and recognitive functions, but also the word distinctive and form distinctive function, e.g. ‘import, im’port, ‘руки, ру’ки.

The 4th comp - the intonational structure. I. is a complex unity of non-segmental features of speech: melody, pitch of the voice; sentence stress; temporal characteristics (duration, tempo, pausation); rhythm; tamber. I. organizes a sentence, determines com­municative types of sentences and clauses, divides sentences into intona­tion groups, gives prominence to words and phrases, expresses contrasts and attitudes. The two main functions of intonation are: communicative and expressive.

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