The branches of PH. Onomotopoeia

PECULIARITIES OF VOWELS

1. there is no division into long and short vowels;

2. The number of diphthongs varies from 3 to 12 phonemes. We distinguish 5 diphthongs: |ei|, |ai|, |oi|, |au|, |ou|.

3. Usually vowels and diphthongs have |r| sound between a vowel and consonant or between a vowel and a silence: TURN, BIRD, STAR.

4. American English is characterized by nasalization, when vowels are preceded or followed by a nasal consonant (SMALL, NAME). Nasalization is often called an American twang.

5. The pronunciation of many words is different: Asia |eiже|, lever |lever|, schedule |skedjel|, tomato |te’ meitou|, vase |veiz|.

6. Words like HOSTILE, MISSILE, REPTILE have final |el|

7. [i] may be obscured as in rabbit [rэеbэt]

8. [эе] – long, mostly nasaliezed, may turn into [e] as in marry, [эе] may be used instead of [a:], ask, past. 9. [a] instead of[o], doll, rob.

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS - branch of phonetics that studies the way in which the air is set in motion, the movements of the speech organs and the coordination of these movements in the production of single sounds and trains of sounds.

ACOUSTIC PHONETICS studies the way in which the air vibrates between the speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear.

The branch of phonetics investigating the hearing process is known as AUDITORY PHONETICS. Its interests lie in the sensation of hearing, which is brain activity The means by which we discriminate sounds – quality,sensations of pitch, loudness, length, are relevant here.

INSTRUMENTAL PHONETICS were introduced into phonetics in the second half of the last century in order to supplement and to rectify the impressions deriving from the human senses, since these are affected by the limitations of the perceptual mechanism, and in general are rather subjective. Phoneticians cannot act only as describers and classifiers of the material form of phonetic units. They are also interested in the way in which sound phenomena function in a particular language, how they are utilized in that language and what part they play in manifesting the meaningful distinctions of the language

PHONOLOGY The branch of phonetics that studies the linguistic function of consonant and vowel sounds, syllabic structure, word accent and prosodic features, such as pitch, stress and tempo.

GENERAL AND SPECIAL PHONETICS. General phonetics is based on the extensive material that a great number of languages give. The method of studies is linguistic. Special phonetics studies the phonetic system of a particular language. It is subdivided into historical (diachronic) and special (synchronic).

EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS is based on the use of different apparatus and instruments. The originator of this method is Rousellot, the French phonetician. Besides these branches we can mention comparative, theoretical, practical, socio-phonetics (the ways in which pronunciation interacts with society).

ONOMATOPOEIA – a combination of sounds which imitate sounds produced in nature, is one more example of the connection between ph and stylistics: jinckle, chatter, babble, crash, bang. The study of Ph phenomena from the stylistic point of view is PHONOSTYLISTICS.

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