Phonetics as a science

Ph. Is not a separate, independent science. Ph. Is an independent branch of linguistic like lexicology, grammar and stylistics. It studies the sound matter, its aspects and functions. Ph. formulates the rules of pronunciation for separate sounds and sound combinations.

Through the system of rules of reading Ph is connected with GRAMMAR and helps to pronounce correctly singular and plural forms of nouns, the past tense forms and past participles of English regular verbs. Sound interchange is another manifestation of the connection of Ph with grammar, e.g. this connection can be observed in the category of number. Thus the interchange of f/v, s/z, θ/ð helps to differenciate singular and plural forms of such words as basis- bases, and also man-men, foot-feet. Ph is also connected with grammar through its intonation component. Sometimes intonation alone can serve to single out the logical predicate. (‘he came home, he ‘came home, he came ‘home). Pausation may also perform a differentiatory function. If we compare 2 similar sentences pronounced with different places of pause, the meaning will be different.

Ph is also connected with LEXICOLOGY. It is only due to the presence of stress in the right place, that we can distinguish certain nouns from verbs (formed by conversion): ‘object-ob’ject. Homographs can be differentiated only due to pronunciation, because they are identical in spelling: bow (ou луг)-bow(au поклон). Due to the position of word accent we can distinguish between compound words and word groups, e.g. ‘blackbird-black ‘bird.

Ph is also connected with STYLISTICS; first of all, through intonation and its components: speech melody, utterance stress, rythm, pausation and voicetember which serves to express emotions. Ph is also connected with stylistics through repetition of words, phrases and sounds. Repetition of this kind serves the basis of rythm, rhyme and alliteration. The repetition of identical or similar sounds, which is called alliteration, helps to impart a melodic effect to the utterance and to express certain emotions.

THEORETICAL SIGNIFICANCE of Ph is connected with the further development of the problem of the study and description of the Ph system of a national language and different languages, the study of the correspondences between them, the description of changes in the Ph system of languages.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE of Ph is connected with teaching foreign languages, speech correction, teaching deaf-mutes, film doubling.

2. GA. (ВОПР. 2, 4, 21, 41) в 41 + ШПОРА ПРО RP

The American variant of English underwent the influence of many languages, but the starting point was the English language of the early 17 th and 18th centuries. There are certain varieties of educated American speech. In the U.S.A. 3 main types of cultivated speech are recognized: the Eastern type, the Southern type, the Western or General American. General American pronunciation is known as the Standard Pronunciation of the U.S.A. It is the form of speech used by the radio and T.V. It is used in scientific, cultural and business intercourse. American English may be analyzed from 3 points of view:

1. Peculiarities of Vowels and Consonants; 2. Stress Differences. 3. Intonation Differences.

PECULIARITIES OF CONSONANTS:

1. The “wh” is represented in GA by [ʍ] or |hw| sound.

2. The GA [r] is more sonorous than the RP [r]. It is retroflex.

3. The sound |l| in all positions is always dark.

4. [t] – Intervocalic |t| is normally voiced. In words like TWENTY, LITTLE |t| is dropped.

5. Glottal stop, which is used by GA speakers before initially stressed vowels when the second vowel begins a stressed syllable, and as a transition sound from a final to an initial vowel as in tri?umphant.

6. [h] – voiced in intervocalic position, lost initially in unsterssed or weak forms within внутри a phrase. 7. [ju] may change into [t∫, dЗ ] in due, tune 8. [∫] – is vocalized in Asia. 9. Nasal twang (налет) as in man.

10. The sonorant |j| is usually weakened or omitted between consonants: Tuesday |tu:zdi|, suit |su:t|, stupid |stu:pid|.

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