Differ opinions on the nature of the phoneme

MAIN PRINC OF ALL ARTICULAT CLASSIF OF VOW.

THE OBSTRUCTER MECHANISM

THE RESONATOR MECHANISM.

THE RESONATOR MECH. THE OBSTRUCTER MECH.

The articulation of every speech sound and the transition from the articulation of 1 sound to the articulation of another are effected and controlled by the action of the muscles situated in the organs of speech involved. These muscles are activated by impulses sent from the brain. Some linguists such as Щерба and his follower Мутусевич associate the articulatory aspect of speech sounds with their biological aspect. On the one hand, the human brain is the original source of speech, and on the other, it perceives speech sounds coming from the external world.

Speech is impossible without these 4 mechanisms:

1. The power mechanism

2. The vibrator mech

3. The resonator mech

4. The obstructer mech

The air stream having past through the larynx is now subject to further modification according to the shape assumed by the superglottal cavities of the pharynx and mouth and according to weather the nasal cavity is brought into action or not. So the resonator mech consists of the pharynx, the larynx, and the nasal cavity.

It consists of the tongue, the lips, the teeth, the soft palate with the uvula, the hard palate, and the alveolar ridge.

The 4 mechanisms: the power, vibrator, resonator and the obstructer work simultaneously and each speech sound is the result of the simultaneous work of all of them.

2 main principles of all currant articulatory classifications of vowels are based on the movements and positions of the tongue. In describing and classifying vowels the following parts of the tongue are referred to because of their great importance, as resonance modifiers:

1. the front of the tongue, which lays opposite the hard palate

2. the back of the tongue, which lays opposite the soft palate

3. the center of the tongue, which is the region where the front and the back meet.

The tip and blade of the tongue don’t play separate roles in vowel production. The complex movement of the tongue provides articulatory bases for classifying vowels:

1) According to the horizontal movement of the tongue

2) According to the simultaneously vertical movements of the tongue.

These 2 main principles of the vowel classification are generally accepted, but there may be differences of opinion.

1 Бодуэн-де-Куртене defined the phoneme as a physical image of a sound.

2 The abstractional conception on the phoneme was originated by Фердинанд де Соссюр, the danish linguist Hjemslev. The abst view regards the phoneme independant of the phonemic properties.

3 Трубецкой, Блумфилд, Jacobson viewed the phoneme as the minimal sound units by which meanings may be differentiated. They stated that the features of the phoneme involved in the differentiation of words are called distinctive.

4 The physical view on the phoneme was originated by Jhones. He defined the phneme as a family of sounds, showing similarities. No member of the family can occur in the same phonetic context asany other member. This view was shared by Bloch and Treiger.

Щерба was the first to define the phoneme as a real, independent distinctive unit, which manifests itself in the form of allophones. Vasiliev developed his theory and wrote that a phoneme is a dialectical unity of 3 aspects: 1. material, real and objective, 2. abstractional, generalized, 3. functional. It serves to perform the following functions: constitutive, distinctive, and recognitive. Vasiliev states that phoneme is material, real and objective, because it really exists in the material form of speech sounds, allophones. It is an objective reality, existing independently from our will or intention. It is an abstraction, because we make it from concrete realizations for classificatory purposes.

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