Comparison of the sentence types

Adverbial modifiers.

In both languages they fall into 2 types:

· denoting inner characterization of the action. It means that this quality is essential for the quality. He did it with difficulty. He said it in an angry voice. Молча, сердито, с трудом

· Indicating outer circumstances of the action: place, time, condition.

Morphologically adverbial modifiers can be expressed by adverbs, prepositional groups, word combination (в прошлом году), participial constructions (читая книгу).

Sentences in both languages are divided into 2 and 1-member types. 2-member sentences are more frequent in both languages. There are a lot of patterns that depend on word order. (Subject + predicate + object – I read a book). But such patterns are mostly isomorphic. Typological distinctions are more obvious in one-member type. In Rus. This type is more popular and frequent than in Eng. (The typological feature) And besides it is represented by a greater number of structures. Such sentences are divided into verbal and nominal one-member sentences. Popularity of this type in Rus. is certainly connected with its synthetic nature. It is possible to omit the subject and the inflection in the verb will indicate the person. (Читаешь? – Читаю.)

In analytical language lack of inflections leads to fixed position of all sentence members. And this results in popularity of empty grammatical subjects. There are a lot of structures in Eng. where it is used. But if we translate them into Russian we come to different synthetic structures. In such sentences as “It’s getting dark” or “It freezing” – the subject doesn’t have any lexical meaning, we call it empty or formal subject, which disappears when we translate the sentence in Rus. Another one-member nominal type – «Важно» «Трудно» has an implied subject «это». It is another case. In Eng. it corresponds to 2-member structure “It is important”. But both languages use nominal type expressed but nouns for the sake of stylistic effect. “Мороз и солнце” or „Fog everywhere“. The use of such sentences creates an effective description which becomes static. But if the same idea is expressed in Eng. in colloquial speech 2-member structure is preferable “It is frosty”.

Besides impersonal type indefinite personal one-member sentences are also frequent in Rus. – «Тише едешь – дальше будешь». Indefinite is generalized. In Eng. such sentences mostly use explicit subject “he”, “they”, “one”.

Such structures as “Сюда приносили раненых” corresponds to 2-member structure “The wounded were broad here” or “They brought”

Ему показалось – It seems to hem or he had a feeling that.

Там было много людей (impersonal) – There were a lot of people there (2member bi-componential\\)

Comparison of Eng. and Rus. show an obvious tendency. Eng. prefers 2-member structures. One member type is used only in some context to achieve stylistic effect or in elliptical sentences for the sake of economy which can never be used in official style.

Comparison of sentence parts in 2 languages shows that mostly they are isomorphic. 5 of them are used in both languages. The following distinctions are most important:

· the use of empty it and “there”

· popularity of compound nominal predicate in Eng. where can not be omitted. In Rus. links can be omitted in Present.

· It is obligatory agreement of attributes in Rus. моя первая любимая прочитанная книга – all parts of speech agree

Objects and Adverbial modifiers are isomorphic. All types of them exist in both languages. The only difference is complex object. But while translation the type of object can be changed – I wrote a letter to my friend (письмо другу)

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