Основы маркетинга

Разделительные

Специальные

Общие

1. There is a book on the table. 2. He must work hard today. 3. We are leaving for Moscow next week. 4. We were reading the whole evening. 5. They don't go to work on Sunday. 6. It is not cold today. 7. Ann has already begun to read a new book. 8. We learn English at school. 9. They will show you how to get there, 10. They finished the translation before the end of the lesson. 11. I didn't feel well that evening. 12. It wasn’t difficult to do this task.

9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of

Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Tenses in Active Voice:

1. My friend studies at the department of Computer Science. 2. I study at the same department. 3. We do research. Ivanov also does his research. 4. We discussed various problems at the seminar. 5. They did many operations on the computer. 6. Yesterday we went to the Institute library. 7. I answered all the questions at the exam in mathematics. 8. We shall solve this algebraic problem. 9. They will do their work in time. 10. I’II compare my results with yours. 11. When you came he was calculating his problem. 12. She was discussing some questions with her teacher. 13. I’II be waiting for you at 6 o’clock. 14. He has given a short answer to my question. 15. I have just come from Moscow. 16. They have already gone home. 17. They had written the program for the computer by June.

10. Fill in the blanks with the following verbs in the Present Indefinite active:

To express; to compute; to receive; to perform; to store; to calculate; to put out; to take in; to do; to display.

1. A computer … or … 2. Modern automatic digital computers … more 100 mln. additions, subtractions, multiplications or divisions in each second. 3. A computer … information or data, … a sequence of reasonable operations on information and … answers. 4. The hardware in side the computer … arithmetical or logical relations such as adding or subtracting, comparing or selecting. 5. When computers … results, they … them.

11. Give the proper tense of the verbs given in brackets:

1. An ordinary business adding machine (to be) a very simple example of a computer. 2. When a computer (to do) reasonable operations, it (to compute) or (to calculate). 3. When I (to come) into the room my friend (to compile) a program. 4. A computer (to store) in formation which it (to receive). 5. … (to come) to the laboratory, I … (to show) you how to calculate by using a computer. 6. The computer just (to perform) its calculations.

12. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form. Use Past Tenses:

1. When I (arrive) the lecture already (start). 2. Peter (sit) in a dark room with a book. I told him that he (read) in very bad light. 3. Mother (make) a cake when the light (go) out. She had to finish it in the dark. 4. When I arrived Jenny (leave), so we only had time for a few words. 5. John (have) a bath when the phone rang. He (get) out of the bath and (go) to answer it. 6. When we (come) to the airport, the plane already (land). 7. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. 8. You looked very busy when I saw you last night. What you (do)? 9.1 (call) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up. 10. When I (see) him he (cross) the street. 11. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. 12. Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself. 13. When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you (have) a copy of Jack London.

13. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

1. Peter and Ann (go) away five minutes ago. 2. I (write) the letter but I (not send) it. 3. He just (go) away. 4. She already (answer) the letter. 5. She (answer) it on Tuesday. 6. I just (tell) you the answer. 7. I (read) that book in my summer holidays. 8. The greengrocer (sell) now all his vegetables. 9. He (sell) all of them half an hour ago. 10. I (not see) him for three years. I (be) glad to see him again some time. 11. What you (do)? I (copy) the text from the text-book now. 12. He (go) to Moscow next week? 13. He (not smoke) for a month. He is trying to give it up. 14. When he (arrive)? — He (arrive) at 2:00. 15. You (switch off) the light before you left the house? 16.1 (read) these books when I was at school. I (like) them very much. 17. I can't go out because I (not finish) my work. 18. I already (tell) you the answer yesterday. 19. What you (do) tomorrow in the morning? 20. I (not meet) him last week. 21. I usually (leave) home at seven and (get) here at twelve. 22. Here is your watch. I just (find) it. 23. You (not have) your breakfast yet?

14. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

a) 1. What kind of computer was it? – It was digital computer. 2. The computer can perform different kinds of information. 3. This kind of logical problem is very simple. 4. Will you kindly explain to him the operation of this kind of machine? 5. Be so kind, show us the new equipment.

b) 1. As you already know logical relations in a computer are expressed by hardware. 2. As the ordinary business adding machine has the special equipment inside it, it can store information. 3. An electronic computer can add, subtract, multiply, and divide as well. 4. Natural sciences include mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, geology, biology, bionics, as well as the engineering sciences and other fields of knowledge. 5. As our professor was speaking of the history of computers, he mentioned P.L. Chebyshev and his great inventions. 6. My friend works at a plant as an engineer.

c) 1. Progressive people everywhere in the world must fight for peace. 2. Yesterday we heard an interesting lecture on modern electronics which was arranged for the students. 3. He asked me for a book on microcomputers’ organization. 4. The first computing machines were not reliable, for there were no good electrical units. 5. The instructions are placed inside the computer, for the computer itself can select the numbers of instructions.

15. Read and translate sentences paying attention to the predicates in Passive Voice:

1. These digits are easily multiplied. 2. I was asked many questions about my work. 3. They were explained how to solve this problem on the computer. 4. The new department of mathematics has just been opened. 5. The experiments on the new micro computer were being carried out during the whole month. 6. The sequence of reasonable operations is now being carried out by a microcomputer. 7. The conference was addressed by a well-known scientist. 8. The invention of computer was spoken of at the last lecture. 9. Many new branches of industry have been developed in our country in recent years.

16. Fill in the blank spaces with the necessary form of must or need + not.

1. She... go to bed early, tomorrow is a holiday. 2. You... an umbrella, it's not raining. 3. You... cross the road when the lights are red. 4. You... tell everybody what I've just told you. It's a secret. 5. You... go to the library. I can lend you this book. 6. You... finish it if you aren't hungry. 7. You... smoke in here. It's forbidden. 8. You... drive a car without a license. 9. You... warm it. I like cold coffee. 10. People... wear warm clothes in this cold climate. 11. He said he... go, he had promised to come. 12. I think you... pull yourself together. 13. He feels he... spend more time with his family. 14. You... come and see our new kitchen. 15. Polite neighbours... make noise after 10.00 p.m.

17. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs and equivalents:

1. Information or data can be stored in the computer memory or storage. 2. An analogue computer is able to calculate by using physical analogy of numerical measurements. 3. The first computers could operate at the low speed. 4. Your paper may be published at our Institute. 5. My friend was happy when at last he might work at the computing centre. 6. Our students were allowed to visit computing centre. 7. Some operations for this computer have to be changed and new instructions wove to be added. 8. We ought to help to solve this problem by a personal computer. 9. According to the time-table you are to begin your classes at 6 o’clock. 10. We were permitted to attend the conference on computer science.

18. Find the sentences to which the verbs ‘ to have ’ and ’ to be ’ are translated “ должен ”

1. This standard keyboard has only function, letter and numeric keys. 2. The main task of this article was to show the results of research work. 3. This personal computer has been installed in our lab. 4. The lecture was to begin at 9 o’clock. 5. Our aim is to study hard and master our specialty. 6. On lab assistant has to construct this unit to perform different operations. 7. The participants of the scientific conference are to arrive tomorrow. 9. You have to remember the names of the scientists who have contributed to the development of your specialty. 10. The result of the experiment has carefully been checked up today.

19. Translate the following sentences paying attention to ‘ there + to be’:

1. There are many universities and institutes in our country. 2. There is a student’s scientific and technical society at our Institute. 3. There are various computers at our computing center. 4. There were only four departments in our University twenty years ago. 5. There will be some engineers at the seminar on programming tomorrow. 6. There were many ways of solving this problem. 7. There are many complex parts and units in every computer. 8. There will be some new laboratories in our Institute next year.

20. State the functions of the Gerund. Translate the sentences:

1. Logical operations consist of comparing, selecting, storing, matching, and determining. 2. The way of solving this problem is very difficult. 3. After performing calculations a computer displays a result. 4. Differentiating and integrating are algebraic operations. 5. Registers are used for storing information. 6. By performing the reasonable operations on a computer we solve different kinds of problems for our national economy.

21. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive:

1. The assistant came to instruct students to handle instructions. 2. The assistant came to be instructed by the professor. 3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems. 4. To perform reasonable operations a computer must have a way of accepting data. 5. To add and to subtract means to perform mathematical operations. 6. In order to program in a good way, the programmer needs detailed data about the program and the way it is to be done.

22. State the function of the Infinitive and translate the sentences:

1. To do the program the programmer must have a good understanding of the problem for the computer. 2. To do the program for a computer is the main duty of a programmer. 3. The programmer must do a program to give accurate instructions to a computer. 4. The experiments to be carried out will be very important. 5. M.V. Lomonosov was the first in Russia to be the professor of the university. 6. The programmer to do the program for a computer must have a good knowledge of mathematics.

23. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Construction:

1. The input and output units are known to be the parts of a computer. 2. The human beings seem not to be able to add or multiply without using auxiliary devices such as pencil and paper. 3. Devices for accepting information are said to have been described in some magazines. 4. Our programmers are known to be studying the theory of programming. 5. In ancient times the sun was thought to be revolving round the Earth. 6. Gagarin is known to be the first cosmonaut who made an orbital flight around the Earth. 7. The French mathematician Pascal is known to construct the first mechanical computer.

24. Translate the following sentences with emphatic construction ‘It is (was) … that (who, which, when) …’

1. It is electrical engineering that deals with all kinds of electrical instruments and devices. 2. It was the invention of the computer that revolutionized the thinking process. 3. It was in 1944 when the first automatic computer appeared and began to operate. 4. It is an input that accepts information from outside the computer. 5. It was B. Pascal who invented the first mechanical computer. 6. It was the Soviet Union which launched the fist man outer space. 7. It was Norbert Wiener who was considered to be the father of computer science.

25. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

a) 1. Every student must know that reasonable operations are logical and mathematical operations. 2. His experiment is simplier than that of yours. 3. The capabilities of a digital computer are greater than those of an analog computer. 4. It is clear that these diagrams are like those shown in a picture.

b) 1. As science progresses the difference between manmade systems and natural systems may be reduced in finitely. 2. As you know information is a set of marks that has meaning. 3. As new operations can be composed of sub-operations, no new programming is needed. 4. The development of computers as machines for handling information has gone a long way. 5. As is known, program is a set of instructions.

c) 1. One of these problems has been solved by a computer. 2. By means of a computer one can easily solve any problem. 3. There is only one solution, the one stated above, when n and m is equal. 4. One should remember all these rules, while solving a problem.

26. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the form and function of the Participle

1. A device invented by the German mathematician Leibniz could control automatically the amount of adding to be performed by a given digit. 2. Logical operations performed by a computer are comparing, selecting, storing, and determining. 3. Discussing the advantages of the new memory unit the professor gave the students all the necessary explanations. 4. When passed through the reading equipment the characters are read in a way similar to a way use for a magnetic tape.

27. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the objective infinitive constructions and for phrases with the infinitive:

1. Our engineers want the complex problems to be solved by computers. 2. It is quite necessary for the programmer to understand the work of all units of computer. 3. We watched the floppy disk begin to operate. 4. The speed of the computer may be found by measuring the time which is required for it to transmit one word out of the memory of where it will be used. 5. We ask the laboratory assistant to show us the computer operates. 6. There is a good reason for us to use this kind of memory in a personal computer.

28. Define the infinitive constructions and translate the sentences:

1. We know B. Pascal to be the first inventor of the mechanical computer. 2. B. Pascal is known to be the fist inventor of the mechanical computer. 3. In the middle of the 20^th century it was possible for B. Pascal to invent only the mechanical computer. 4. The possibility for the problem to be solved is illustrated by the given formula. 6. Human beings seem to be able to find facts or even logical consequence of facts in their memory according to association. 7. For results to be obtained an instruction has first been put into a computer.

29. Open the brackets using the gerund:

1. The grass in the garden is very dry it needs (water). 2. It's very warm outside. You don't need (put on) your coat. 3. The house is old, and it wants (repair). 4. Famous people don't need (introduce) themselves. 5. The carpet is covered with dust, it needs (sweep). 6. The shoes are very dirty they need (polish). 7. These shoes have a hole, they want (mend). 8. The table cloth is quite clean; it doesn't want (wash) yet. 9. The room needed (clean).10. (learn) foreign languages is very useful. 12.1 know my hair wants (cut) but I never have time to go to the hairdresser's. 13. John needed (cheer up) when he heard that he'd failed his exams. 14. You should tidy up the garden. — Yes, it needs (tidy). The roses want (water), the peaches want (pick), the grass wants (cut).

30. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the – ing forms:

1. According to the principles of their work computers are divided into three parts: analog, digital, and hybrid. 2. When applying mathematical methods to the solving technical problems engineers are most often interested in obtaining finite numerical results. 3. Proper relation between theory and practice must be observed in training your specialists. 4. The students get the practical training when they are working at various plants. 5. When performing the problem in mathematical practice, the students use calculator. 6. In modern computers RAM/ROM memories are used for executing sophisticated operations. 7. A memory is used for storing information. 8. Electronics being used not only in industry but in many other fields of human, activity as well, one should have an idea of what it is. 9. Having conducted many experiments proved that electricity had an atomic character. 10. The fast electronic machines, such as microcomputers, are effective for carrying out complicated computations.

Содержание

1. UNIT I ………………………………………………………………. 4

2. UNIT II ……………………………………………………….…….. 10

3. UNIT III ……………………………………………………….……. 20

4. UNIT IV ……………………………………………………….……. 22

5. UNIT V ………………………………………………………….….. 26

6. UNIT VI ……………………………………………………….……. 28

7. UNIT VII …………………………………………………………… 31

8. UNIT VIII …………………………………………………………... 35

9. UNIT IX …………………………………………………………….. 42

10. UNIT X ………………………………………………………..….… 45

11. UNIT XI …………………………………………………………….. 49

12. UNIT XII ……………………………………………………………. 51

13. UNIT XIII………………………………………………………..….. 59

14. UNIT XIV ………………………………………………………..…. 64

15. UNIT XV ………………………………………………………..….. 67

16. UNIT XVI ……………………………………………………….…. 71

17. UNIT XVII ………………………………………………………… 74

18. UNIT XVIII …………………………………………………….…. 79

19. UNIT XIX ………………………………………………………….. 88

20. UNIT XX …………………………………………………………... 95

21. Appendix (grammar study) ……………………………………….. 100

Библиографический список

1. Агабекян, И.П., Английский язык для технических ВУЗов: учеб. пособие.// – И.П. Агабекян, П.И. Коваленко. Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 2002. – 352 с.

2. Англо-русский терминологический словарь по информатике/сост. Т.Б. Макарова, - Чита: ЧитГТУ, 1998. – 36 с.

3. Бурова, З.И. Пособие по английскому языку для начинающих./ З.И. Бурова. – М.: Высш шк., 2004. – 197 с.

4. Гольцова, Е.В. Английский язык для пользователей ПК и программистов. Самоучитель. – СПб.: КОРОНА принт, 2002. – 480 с.

5. Гультяев, А.К. Уроки Web-мастера/А.К.Гультяев, В.А.Машин. – СПб: Корона, 2003. – 197 с.

6. Сборник текстов из оригинальной литературы // U.S. Encyclopedia. – N.Y., 1989.

7. User’s Guide and Reference. Microsoft Corporation. Printed in U. K., 2004

8. User’s Guide. Operating Systems Plus Enhanced Tools. Microsoft Corporation., 2002.

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