Part One

Запомните слова и словосочетания.

Переведите интернациональные слова.

BUILDING MATERIALS TEXT A

substance, fibrous, variety, synthetic, categorize, natural, select, mani­pulation, cubic, cement, aggregate, cementitious, granite, proportion, ingredient, mixture, aluminium, decorative, popular, paste.

construction purpose — цель строительства;

fibrous рlant — волокнистое растение;

industrial setting — промышленная установка;

availability — наличие, доступность, возможность использования;

transportation ease — лёгкость/простота транспортировки;

predominant material — преобладающий материал;

chemical admixture — химическая добавка;

mass concrete structure — конструкция из монолитного бетона;

functional extension — функциональный ряд (бетонных изделий);

to vary proportions — менять пропорции;

partial replacement— частичная замена;

manufactured aggregate— промышленный/фабричный заполнитель.

3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. Building Materials (I)

Building materials are any materials used for construction purpos­es. Since earliest times many natural substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves, and ice (!) have been used to construct buildings. To continue the list of natural building materials fibrous plants and animal skins come along.

Apart from naturally occurring materials, great variety of man- made products, more or less synthetic, are in use. All building mate­rials can be generally categorized into two sources — natural and syn­
thetic. [Natural building materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or glass. Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after much human manipula­tions (plastics and petroleum based paints, for instance).]⁰ Both natu­ral and synthetic building materials are widely used for construction purposes.

Choice of building materials in modern construction industry is almost unlimited. [To select appropriate materials for a construction is the concern of designers and engineers, and the main factors to be considered are the materials' physical properties, availability, trans­portation ease, cost, environmental impacts, etc.]°

Concrete is used more than any other man-made material and has been the predominant building material in this modern age. As of 2006, about 7.5 cubic kilometres of concrete are produced each year — more than one cubic metre for every person on Earth. It is com­posed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of gravels or crushed rocks such as limes- tone*, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures. [Mass concrete structures, reinforced con­crete, prestressed concrete, and precast concrete are the most widely used; types of concrete functional extensions in modern days.]⁰

There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients. [The finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties.]° (1 800 п.зн.)

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