Falling and rising tones

Билет

Classification of consonants according to the degree of noise.

Answer: According to the degree of noise English consonants are divided into 2 classes:

Noise consonants: strong noise consonants: [p,t,k,f,Ө, s,f,h,tʃ ], weak noise cons: [b,d, g,v, ʤ, ʒ, δ, z]

Sonorants are made with tone prevailing over noise because of a rather wide air passage. [m, n, η, w,l,r, j]

Answer: Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or inflect words. All verbal languages use pitch to express emotional and other paralinguistic information, and to convey emphasis, contrast, and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously to consonants and vowels. Such tonal phonemes are sometimes called tonemes.

In each speech unit there is one main movement of the voice, either up or down, starting on the last prominent word of the speech unit.

// you`ll aRIVE // at CENtral STAtion //

Speech units have either a falling tone or rising tone

A falling tone or a rising tone can extend over just one word (which may be only one syllable) or over a number of non prominent syllables at the end of a speech unit:

//NO //

// he WORKS in a Supermarket //

// I`ve ALways wanted to go there //

// YES //

// is that CHOColate MILKshake //

// do you LIKE living in Paris //

Choosing a falling tone indicates that the information in the speech adds some ``news``: it is information that the hearer is not expected to know already. Choosing a rising tone indicates that the information in the speech unit is `not news`: it is information that the speaker and hearer already share. Distinguishing `news` from `not news` in this way can help the hearer understand what is being said.

See you on Saturday.

//but i`ll be in LONdon // at the weekEND //

In this sample the fact that I`ll be in London is news to A whereas the weekend not news it is the time we are talking about Saturday.

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Impatient – [im`peiʃnt] 9 letters, 3 syllables, 3 vowels, 1 diphtong, 3 short-i,i,e, 0 long, 5 cons-s, acc to the degree of voice, 3 strong noise cons- p, ʃ,t, acc to the work of vocal cords: voiced-no, 3 voiceless p, ʃ,t, the manner of articulation: 2 occlusive voiceless cons- p,t, 2occlusive nasal sonorants-m,n, 1 fricatives- ʃ, the place of articulation:2 labial: 2bilabial: p,m, lingual: interdental: n, alveolar: t, palato alveolar- ʃ.

Unsociable - [^n`sәuʃәbl]- 10 letters, 4 syllables, 4 vowels, 4 short vowels, long vowels- no, 1 diphtong әu, 5 consonants, noise cons- 1voiced-b, 2 voiceless- s, ʃ, 2sonorants-m,l.

Impulsive - [im`p^lsiv] 9 letters, 3 syllables, 3 vowels sounds, 3 short vowels sounds, 5 cons, noise cons- 1voiced-v, 2voiceless-p,s, 2sonorants-m,l.

Дата добавления: 2015-05-31