Word stress and prominence

Билет

Classification of vowels according to the principle of tongue position

Intonation in Question tags.

Билет

Answer: A question tag is a question added at the end of a sentence. Speakers use question tags chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek argument.

Intonation In Question Tags
When a tag is spoken, the voice can go up or down. If the voice goes up, it is called Rising Intonation and if it goes down, it is called Falling Intonation. It is a nice day today, isn’t it? ↘
A falling intonation means that the speaker is sure (or almost sure) that the statement is true. The speaker knows that it is a nice day. The tag is not a real question. He is inviting his friend to continue the conversation.
You have been on holiday, haven’t you? ↗
A rising intonation means that the speaker is less sure. He thinks that his friend has been on holiday, but he isn’t sure. The tag is more like a real question.

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Violence [vaiәlәns] 8 lett, 2 syll, 4 vowel, 1 diph, 4 cons, acc to degree of noise: voiced noise cons: v, voiceless noise cons: s, sonorants: l,n, acc to manner of art: constrictive fricative:v, s, occlusive sonorant:n, constrictive sonorant:l, acc to place of art: labiodentals:v, interdental:n,l, s

Provincial [prәvinʃl] 10 letters, 3 syll, 6cons, 2 vowels, voiceless noise cons:ʃ, p, voiced noise cons: v, sonorants:l,n, acc to manner of art: occlusive stops: p, constrictive fricatives: ʃ, v, occlusive sonorants:n, constrictive sonorants:l, acc to place of art: bilabial:p, labiodentals:v, post alveolar:r, palate alveoalar: ʃ, interdental:n,l.

Overcrowding [әuvәkraudiη] 12 letters, 4syll, 5 cons, 6 cons, voiced noise cons: v,d, voiceless noise cons: k, sonorant:η, acc to manner of art: occlusive stops:k,d, constrictive fricatives: v, occlusive sonorants: η, constrictive sonorants: r, acc to place of art: labiodentals:v, alveolar:d, post alveolar:r, velar:k, palatal:η

3. Classification of vowels according to tongue position:

Moving up and down in the mouth various parts of the tongue may be raised to different height towards roof of the mouth.

When the front or the back of the tongue is raised high towards the plate the vowel is called close. [i:, i, u, u:]

When the highest part of the tongue occupies the position intermediate between the close and the open one mid vowels are pronounced. [e, ^, ʒ:, ә]

When the front or the back of the tongue is as low as possible in the mouth open vowels are pronounced. [ᵆ, a:, Ͻ, Ͻ:]

Answer: We use two terms that are related but different: stress and prominence. Most dictionaries which give the pronunciation of words also indicate which syllables have stress. For example: CALD shows that ‘party’ and ‘remember’ have stress on only one syllable.

When a word is used in conversation and emphasized, one of the stressed syllables is made ‘prominent’. In a one-stress word this is the stressed syllable, and in a two- stress word it is usually the syllable with main stress. Prominent syllables are shown in this book in capital letters:

I’m going to a PARty I can’t remember

· Prominence can move to the secondary stressed syllable in a word like ‘controversial’ when it is followed by a word with another prominent syllable, particularly when the first syllable of the following word is prominent:

She gave a CONtroversial Answer

This is sometimes called ‘stress shift’. Stress shift can only happen in words where a secondary stress comes before main stress.

,under’stand- UNDERstand EVerything

,disap’pointing- DIS appointing OUTcome

Other words which have stress shift include:

,Alto`gether,,inde`pendent,,indi`stinct,,medi`ocre,,satis`factory,, uni`versity,,week`end,,worth`while

Some place names which have main stress on the last syllable, such as:,Ber`lin,, Kow`loon,,Montre`al

Teen numbers –,thir`teen,,nine`teen, and two part numbers-,forty-`five

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Cosmopolitan [kϽzmәpϽlitәn] 12 letters, 5 syll, 7 cons, 5 vowels, voiceless:k,t,p, voiced:z, sonorant:l, acc to manner of art: occlusive stops:p,t,k, constrictive fric:z, occlusive son:m,n, constrictive son:l, acc to place of art: bilabial:p,m, interdental:z, n,l, alveolar:t, velar:k

Nightingale[ naitiηgeil] 11 let, 2 syll, 5 cons, 5 vowels, voiced:g, voiceless: t, sonorants: n,l,η, acc to manner of art: occlusive stop:g, t, occlusive son: n,η, constrictive son:l, acc to place of art:interdental: n,l, alveolar:t, palatal:η, velar:g

Bagel [beigl] 5 lett, 2 syll, 3 cons, 2vowels, voiced:b,g, son:l, acc to manner of art: occlusive stop:b, g, constrictive son:l, acc to place of art: bilabial:b, interdental:l, velar:g

Дата добавления: 2015-05-31