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Билет

Consonant clusters at the end of the word.

Билет

Classification of noise consonants

Answer: Noise consonants vary:

1.In the work of vocal cords: voiced:: [b,d, g,v, ʤ, ʒ, δ, z] voiceless: [p,t,k,f,Ө, s,f,h,tʃ],

2.In the degree of force of articulation: weak: [b,d, g,v, ʤ, ʒ, δ, z] strong: [p,t,k,f,Ө, s,f,h,tʃ]

Answer: A consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant clusters in the word splits.

There are many more combinations of consonant sounds possible at the end of English words than at the beginning. There can be up to four consonant sounds in a final consonant cluster:

Words with	2 final consonants	3 final consonants	4 final consonants
	Honest [st] Jump [mp] Wrapped [pt]	Helped [lpt] Next [kst] Crisps [sps]	Prompts [mpts] Glimpsed [mpst] Texts [ksts]

Some final clusters with three or four consonants can be difficult to pronounce even for native English speakers, so in some words these are commonly simplified. For example, the middle consonant of the clusters [kts], [mps], [mpt], [nts], [ndz], [skt] is hardly heard or sometimes even left out.

Products- products[prodʌks]

Camped- camped[kæmt]

Hands hands[hænz]

Leaving final consonants out of consonant clusters at the end of words can cause misunderstanding, and you should avoid this. For example, say:

Product (not: product), jump (not: jump)

Don’t be tempted to add vowels to consonant clusters in order to make them easier to say, as this can also cause misunderstanding:

1. Avoid adding an extra vowel (usually [i] or [ǝ]) between consonants: watched (not watchid)

2. Avoid adding an extra vowel at the end of an adjective, as this can sound like a comparative form: fast (not: fast^ǝ because it sounds like ‘faster’)

3. Avoid adding an extra vowel (usually [ǝ] or [u]) at the end of the word: last (not: last^ǝ)

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Inaudible [inϽ:dәbl] 9 letters, 4 syll, 4 cons, 3 vowels, 1 long vowel, voiced: d,b, sonorant:l,n, acc to manner of art: occlusive stops: d,b, occlusive son:n, constrictive son:l, acc to place of art: alveolar:d, interdental: l,n, bilabial:b.

Memorable [memәrәbl] 8 letters, 4 syll, 3 vowels, 5 cons, 1 voiced:b, 4 sonorants: m,m, l,r, acc to manner of art: occlusive stops: b, occlusive son:m,m, constrictive son:l,r, acc to place of art: bialabial:b,m,m, postalveolar: r, interdental: l

Mosque [mϽsk] 6 letters, 1 syll, 3 cons, 1 vowel, acc to degree of noise: sonorant:m, voiceless cons:s,k, acc to manner of art: occlusive stop: k, constrictive fric:s, occlusive son:m, acc to place of art: interdental:s, velar:k.

3. Classification of vowels according to length:

Answer: A number of words and phrases are used to introduce a piece of information that is related to what has just been said. Many of these are typically said in their own speech unit with a rising or falling tone:

A: We haven’t got any coffee left

B:// in THAT case //, I`ll just have water, thanks.

A: there is no point in keeping this jacket, it`s full of holes.

B:// Also //, the zip`s broken.

Other words and phrases like this include: at the same time, in the same way, similarly, otherwise etc.

When we want to change the topic in a conversation or to start talking about a different aspect of the same topic, we often begin with a word or phrase with a falling tone in its own speech unit:

A: I really like he town square

B: Lovely, isn`t it?// RIGHT, so what would you like to see next?

Other words and phrases like this include: anyhow, incidentally, (this suggests that what is going to be said is less important than what has come before ) now, well.

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Chapel [tʃᵆpl] 6 letters, 2syll, 1 vowel, 3 cons, 2voiceless noise cons-tʃ, p, 1 sonorant-l, acc to manner of art: occlusive stops:p, occlusive-constrictive: tʃ, constrictive sonorant:l, acc to place of art: bilabial:p, interdental:l, palate alveolar: tʃ

Harbor [ha:bә] 6 lett, 2syll, 2 vowels, 1 long, 1 short, 2 cons, 1voiceless noise cons: h, 1 voiced noise cons:b, acc to manner of art: occlusive stops: b, constrictive fricative:h, acc to place of art: bilabial: b, glottal:h

Vandalism [vᵆndәlizәm] 9 lett, 3 syll, 4 vowels, 4 short v, 6 cons, acc to degree of noise: voiced noise cons: v,d,z, sonorants:m,n,l, acc to manner of art: occlusive stops:d, constrictive fricative: v,z, occlusive sonorants:m,n, constrictive sonorants:l, acc to place of art: bilabial:m, labio dental:v, interdental:z, n, l, alveolar:d.

3. Classification of consonants according to place of articulation:

According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of articulation consonants may be:

Labial

Lingual

Glottal

1. Labial consonants are made by the lips. They may be bilabial and labio-dental. Bilabial cons. Are produced when both lips are active. They are: [p,b,m,w]

Labio-dental cons are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth. [f,v]

2. Lingual consonants are classified into forelingual, mediolingula, backlingual

Forelingual cons are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue

Acc.to the place of obstruction forelingual cons:

Interdental [Ө, s,z,n,l]

Dental

Alveolar: t,d

Post alveolar: r

Palato alveolar: ʃ, ʒ, ʤ, tʃ

Mediolingual cons are produced with the front part of the tongue. They are always palatal: j,η

Backlingual cons are also called velar, because they are produced with the back part of the tongue raised towards soft palate: k,g

3. Glottal cons h is articulated in the glottis.

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