Falling and rising tones. Classification of vowels according to the stability of articulation

Билет

Classification of vowels according to the stability of articulation

Repeat questions.

Билет

Answer:

We use some questions to get people to repeat all or part of what they have said. We mmay want to check that we heard it correctly, or perhaps we found it surprising. Because these questions are usually making sure they often have a rising tone.

Some repeat questions consist of-

- A single wh-word

(who, what, where, when, why, how, which)

A: She used to work in Wollongong. B: WHERE?

- A phrase beginning with a wh-word (e.g how many, what sort, what time)

A: I paid 200000 dollars for it. B: HOW much?

- A longer question beginning with a wh-word (e.g When did you get there?)

A: It starts at midday. B: WHEN does it star?

All these repeat ques-s have a rising tone starting on the wh-word.

When ques-s are used to find out, they have a falling tone. In these finding out questions the falling tone starts after the wh-word.

A: I`ll meet you at eight. B: WHAT time? (making sure)

But: A: I`ll meet you at the station. B: what TIME? (finding out)

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Shoplifter-`ʃϽpliftә- 9 letters, 3 syll, 3 vowels, 5 cons, 4 voiceless noice: ʃ,p,f,t,

1 sonorant: l, acc to manner of art: 2 occlusive stops: p,t, 2 constrictive fricatives: f, ʃ, 1 constrictive sonorant:l, acc to place of art: bilabial:p, labiodentals: f, interdental:l, alveolar: t, palato alveolar: ʃ

Pickpocket- pikpϽkit: 10 letters, 3 syll, 3 vowels, 5 cons, 5 voiceless noise cons: p,p,k,k,t, acc to manner of art: 5 occlusive stops: p,p,t, k,k, acc to place of art: bilabial: p,p, alveolar: t, velar: k,k.

Burglar- bз:glә: 7 letters, 2 syll, 2 vowels,1 short, 3 cons, acc to degree of noise: voiced noise cons: b,g, sonorant:l, acc to manner of art: 2occlusive stops: b,g, 1 constrictive sonorant:l, acc to place of art: bilabial: b, interdental: l, velar:g.

Stability of articulation. Vowels are grouped into 3 groups: Monophthongs, diphthongs, diphthongoids.

Monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging: [i,e, ᵆ, a:, Ͻ, Ͻ:, u, ^, З:, Ә]

In the pronunciation of diphthongs the organs of speech glide from one vowel position to another within one syllable:[ ei, ai, Ͻi, au, зu, iә, έә, uә]

In the pronunciation of diphthongoids the articulation is slightly changing but the difference between the starting point and the end is not so distinct as it is in the case of diphthongs. [i:, u:]

Answer:

Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or inflect words. All verbal languages use pitch to express emotional and other paralinguistic information, and to convey emphasis, contrast, and other such features in what is called intonation, but not all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections, analogously to consonants and vowels. Such tonal phonemes are sometimes called tonemes.

In each speech unit there is one main movement of the voice, either up or down, starting on the last prominent word of the speech unit.

// you`ll aRIVE // at CENtral STAtion //

Speech units have either a falling tone or rising tone

A falling tone or a rising tone can extend over just one word (which may be only one syllable) or over a number of non prominent syllables at the end of a speech unit:

//NO //

// he WORKS in a Supermarket //

// I`ve ALways wanted to go there //

// YES //

// is that CHOColate MILKshake //

// do you LIKE living in Paris //

Choosing a falling tone indicates that the information in the speech adds some ``news``: it is information that the hearer is not expected to know already. Choosing a rising tone indicates that the information in the speech unit is `not news`: it is information that the speaker and hearer already share. Distinguishing `news` from `not news` in this way can help the hearer understand what is being said.

See you on Saturday.

//but i`ll be in LONdon // at the weekEND //

In this sample the fact that I`ll be in London is news to A whereas the weekend not news it is the time we are talking about Saturday.

2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:

Mugger- m^gә 6 letters, 2 vowels, 2 syll, 2 cons, acc to degree of noise: sonorant-m, voiced noise cons:g, acc to manner of art: occlusive sonorant:m, occlusive stop:g, acc to place of art: bilabial:m, velar:g.

Committed- kәmitid- 8 letters, 3 syll, 3 vowels, 4 cons, acc to degree of noise: 2 voiceless noise cons: k,t, 1 sonorant:m, 1 voiced noise cons:d, acc to place of art: bilabial:m, velar:k, alveolar:t,d, acc to manner of art: 3 occlusive stops: t,d,k, occlusive sonorant:m.

Investigate- [investigeit] 11 letters, 4 syll, 5 vowels, 1 diphthong, 6 cons, acc to degree of noise: 2 voiced noise cons: v,g, 3 voiceless noise cons: t,t,s, 1 sonorant:n, acc to manner of art: 3 occlusive stops: t, t,g, 2 constrictive fricatives: v, s, occlusive sonorant:n, acc to place art: labiodentals:v, alveolar:t,t, interdental:s,n, velar:g.

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